玉髓與瑪瑙
楊惟婷
也許許多人會疑惑，為何收藏行家對玉髓總是毫不猶豫的一擲千金，到底是什麼優越條件，讓它被業內行家如此青睞？
一、玉髓、瑪瑙和玉石的區別
1、玉髓的英文名稱為Chalcedony。
玉髓的物理性質其實是一種石英，屬隱晶質石英寶石，
具有蠟一樣的光澤和非常溫潤的構造。
成份：二氧化矽
晶體結構：三方晶系（隱晶系）
硬度：7
光學性質：折射率1.53-1.54，具雙折射0.004
2、瑪瑙的英文名稱為Agate。
瑪瑙是拉丁文西西里的阿蓋特河（Rive Achates）的名稱，這是義大利（狄奧佛拉塔時期）Theophrastus首次發現瑪瑙的地方。
瑪瑙一詞出自佛經，梵語本稱“阿斯瑪加波”，意為“馬腦”。
瑪瑙一詞在中國的應用較早。
瑪瑙賦存於基性火山岩期後熱液型礦床、火山岩裂隙和空洞中。
化學成分以SiO2為主，還常含有微量元素，如鐵、錳、鎳等。
晶體形態屬隱晶質，具粒狀、纖維狀結構。
瑪瑙具有各種顏色的環帶條紋。瑪瑙和玉髓純者為白色，因含色素離子和雜質使瑪瑙顏色非常豐富，所以有“千種瑪瑙萬種玉”之說，
顏色為紅、藍、綠、蔥綠、黃褐、褐、紫、灰、黑等色，
且有同心狀、層狀、波紋狀、斑紋狀各樣花紋。
油脂光澤至玻璃光澤，透明至半透明。
折光率1.54－1.55。
硬度7，密度2.61－2.65g/cm3。
無解理，貝殼狀斷口，有裂紋。
瑪瑙從古至今均屬受人們歡迎的中檔玉料。
3、玉髓類寶石最常與玉（Jade or Jadelite）混淆。
玉髓類寶石與玉兩者的外表有點相像，但仔細觀察其細部質地，可看出玉髓類較平滑，而玉較有與其他礦石相雜的紋理。
4、瑪瑙和玉髓與玉石的區別。
瑪瑙和玉髓均為隱晶質石英，礦物學中統稱為玉髓。
寶石界將其中具紋帶構造隱晶質塊體石英稱瑪瑙，
如果塊體無紋帶構造則稱玉髓。
所以，玉髓其實是一種瑪瑙，只是其質地較純，顏色較鮮艷，沒有如一般瑪瑙所具有的條紋。瑪瑙和玉髓可根據不同顏色、紋帶及其它花紋來區分。
而玉髓製品容易與東陵石、密玉、碧玉等相混淆，可以根據顏色、質地、密度等方面的差別來區分。
玉髓製品光亮、隱晶質結構，質地細膩。
東陵石等石英岩顆粒粗大，細粒結構，質地相對較粗糙。
與綠玉髓相似的玉石有綠色翡翠、綠松石、天河石等。
綠色翡翠有斑晶交織結構，可見到斑晶或纖維狀硬玉晶體。
綠松石透明度差，瓷器光澤，硬度低，為5－6。
天河石具有明顯格子狀條紋。
5、玉髓和瑪瑙的評價與選購。
玉髓的品種：綠玉髓（又稱澳洲玉）、濃綠玉髓、碧石、血玉髓（又稱雞血石）等。
玉髓的顏色純正而美麗，塊度越大越好。綠玉髓、蔥綠玉髓的優質者最為珍貴。玉髓多加工成戒面、手鐲、項鏈等首飾。
瑪瑙按形態特徵可劃分為以下幾個品種：
縞瑪瑙（有纏絲瑪瑙和截子瑪瑙之分）、紅縞瑪瑙、苔蘚瑪瑙（又稱樹枝狀瑪瑙）、風景瑪瑙（又稱城砦瑪瑙）、火瑪瑙、水膽瑪瑙。
著名的南京“雨花石”是具同心紋構造的瑪瑙的一種。
瑪瑙的評價與選購因素是顏色、透明度、塊度。
工藝要求是顏色鮮艷、純正，色層厚﹔表面光潔，透明度高﹔紋飾均勻、明晰，線性程度好﹔質地細膩、堅韌﹔無裂紋或裂紋少﹔塊度大。紅色和藍色為最佳。
二、令人摯愛千年的靈動之物
玉髓擁有多種美豔絢麗的色彩，通常有淡藍白、灰、黃、紅色…。
它看起來似透非透、半濃半淡，欲說還休的含蓄、絲絲入骨的柔情。它個性低調而神秘，從不張揚。它又似一副瑤池盛宴裡灑向人間的瓊漿凝固後的樣子，充滿靈性，所以，它常被人們當作珍貴的寶石。
玉髓的美雖不及碧璽的豔麗，但溫潤的美也別有一番清麗的嫵媚。
玉髓的性子是柔軟的，那份柔軟有幾分溫柔的感覺，接觸久了，你似乎也能傳染到它的那份恬靜的溫柔。
當您與一塊玉髓面對面時，很可能把它當成一塊翠綠濃鬱的翡翠、絲柔微透的海藍寶或清淡朦朧的紫水晶。所以面對玉髓時，不要馬上下定論，從內心去感受，感受那份絲絲柔情，那份流入骨中的柔媚。
玉髓是一種秀麗而溫潤的寶石，它的磁場非常穩定，可以很純粹的圍繞佩戴者自身產生功效，如果你想要讓自己本身有一定的促進，那麼玉髓會是非常合適你的水晶。
玉髓在激勵我們人生觀上，有著正面、有效的作用。特別是一些容易產生自我懷疑的人，玉髓能夠幫助他們建立穩定豁達的心態。
對於我們身邊的負能量，玉髓也有吸收的作用。玉髓能幫助佩戴者積極看待生活中的挫折，而不是消極以對。並鼓勵佩戴者熱情的看待身邊發生的事物，並去善待身邊的人。
玉髓還有驅散噩夢的功效，但是不同顏色的玉髓對睡眠會有不同的影響，一般建議用白玉髓、灰玉髓或者粉玉髓來驅散噩夢的效果會比較好。
三、不同色彩玉髓，有不同的溫潤柔情
人類千年以來，從未停止對玉髓的鍾愛，那是浩蕩千年的情思。
古歐洲人專門喜歡那些有色彩變化的玉髓，這樣就可以根據玉髓自然形成的色彩變化進行創作，製作各種浮雕胸針和吊墜。
許多古代傳說和宗教，也都賦予玉髓特殊的功能和地位。
玉髓文化發展到今天，使人們在欣賞它的美麗的同時，更深信玉髓能帶來好運與健康。
玉髓類寶石，可根據顏色將其做細項分類:
綠色的綠玉髓（Chrysoprase），藍色的藍玉髓（Blue Chalcedony），橘紅色的光玉髓（Cornelian），紅色的紅玉髓（Sard）。
玉髓各種顏色是因含有不同礦物質，而有所不同。
其中，如含有氧化鐵呈半透明橙紅色的光玉髓；紅棕色變種的紅玉髓等；另外有著青蘋果綠的綠玉髓也很受大家喜愛!
1、紅色玉髓：
紅色的玉髓是玉髓中最為激情的一種，它是自信的象徵，很適合沒有自我意志力、容易被左右的人佩戴。
以光玉髓（Cornelian）與紅玉髓（Sard）來說，並沒有很精準的顏色區分，一般較偏橘紅色的稱光玉髓，顏色較偏棕紅、深紅色的稱紅玉髓，不過兩者也常常混稱，實在說起來，並不須要太在意。
2、粉色玉髓：
粉色玉髓是比較常見的一種，區別於紅色的激情，粉色的玉髓能夠更多是促進我們內心的寧靜，因此粉色玉髓也是很適合睡覺時候佩戴的水晶之一。
粉玉髓也能帶來信任的情感，令愛戀中的情人或是夫妻間和諧相處。同時，粉玉髓還能醫治愛情的創傷，這對失戀的人，可是一副療傷的良藥。
3、藍色玉髓（Blue Chalcedony）：
藍玉髓，是水晶石家族成員之一大系列，它之所以呈藍色是因為含有銅的緣故，臺灣地區產的藍玉髓也含有矽孔雀石。
藍玉髓在中低檔玉石產品中，價格也是較高的。
藍玉髓亦稱為紫藍晶，是西曆3月份的生辰幸運石。
藍色玉髓會給一種創造的契機，因為藍色的玉髓的力量更為活躍和靈活，可以提高我們對自我的感知能力，並樂觀的去看待未來的發展，這對於焦慮明天好不好的人，是非常合適的。
藍玉髓（Blue Chalcedony）是蠻受歡迎的寶石，呈灰藍色，價格高者色深鮮艷，質地透。
市面上有種稱紫玉髓的寶石，其實也該歸為藍玉髓的偏紫色品種．
台灣所產的台灣藍寶，有人稱其為藍玉髓，其實較精確的名稱應為矽孔雀石石英，顏色較偏飽和的藍綠色，與常見的藍玉髓不同。
4、綠玉髓
綠玉髓，又名綠瑪瑙，一種寶石，英文單詞chrysoprase，來自希臘語「chrysos」和「prason」，意思是黃金和韭菜。它是含有鎳的纖維狀石英，通常呈蘋果綠色，但會有深淺差異。
這是一種准晶體結構的礦石，構成的水晶相當好，在普通放大倍率下無法看到雜質。綠玉髓與其他各種透明而且雕琢成六個面的水晶，如白水晶、紫水晶、黃水晶等有別。與石英礦石家族中的不透明礦石相比，綠玉髓以色而貴，不以加工技術而貴。其他准晶體結構礦石尚有瑪瑙、紅玉髓和縞玉髓。
綠玉髓相當稀少，色彩誘人，是最具價值的石英礦石之一，易與翡翠混淆。綠玉髓已成為5月的生辰石之一。
祖母綠中含有鉻，所以呈現漂亮綠色；而綠玉髓的綠色是因為含有鎳。
綠玉髓（Chrysoprase）主產於澳洲，因此，市面上也常稱其為澳洲玉（Austria Jade），這其實是很不精確，易使人混淆，甚至會誤會其是假玉。
實際上，綠玉髓可是玉髓類價格最高的一種寶石，顏色呈深淺不一的綠色，有些呈蘋果綠，有些呈蔥綠色．
綠玉髓雖屬石髓類，但其礦物級的原石紋理，不似一般瑪瑙成條紋狀，而是呈褐色斑紋．
印度所產的血石（Bloodstone），其實該被視為綠玉髓的一種，深綠色的外表上具有因氧化鐵而形成的紅色斑點，此紅色血斑曾被認為代表耶穌的聖血，而將其視為聖石。
玉髓類的寶石，其估價要注意其質地，越透越佳，顏色越深越鮮艷，價格會越高。
等級到寶石級的價格，都會比一般瑪瑙高上許多，不可等一視之。
四、玉髓的佩戴和保養
關於玉髓的佩帶位置，無拘無束，無論是頭上、脖子上、手指上、手腕上、甚至腰上、腳上，只要你覺得合適，都可以佩帶。
唯一要注意的是，不要與其他磁場比較強的水晶交雜在一起佩帶，因為過強的其他水晶磁場會抵消玉髓的工作效率。
所以，在佩戴玉髓時需要注意，儘量選擇水晶質地比較純，以及水晶樣式比較寬的玉髓。
在佩戴任何一種玉髓時，也要注意玉髓的保養。
水晶使用久了，若沒有得到個人本身磁場滋養的話，就一定需要保養。
故水晶通常使用一段時間，就需要淨化，要將磁場裡的一些不良磁場給淨化出去。
而玉髓不同，玉髓不能稱之為淨化，而是需要保養，或者說需要充電。
對於玉髓的保養，建議是最少每半個月一次，充電的方法最好是選擇水晶簇保養的方法，只要24個小時，保證你的玉髓能恢復到剛剛被採出那一刻的乾淨、透亮。
當然了我們不是每個人家裡都隨時有水晶蔟等著淨化的，另一方法就是曬月光，不同的是要曬足月圓的三天，也就是每月十五、十六、十七這三天，玉髓也能恢復到不錯的狀態，但使用這種方法，最好還是每三個月拿到水晶店裡在水晶簇上淨化 一次，這樣才能保證玉髓的能量源源不斷的影響你，所以記住，一定要有耐心哦！
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