海藍寶與藍色碧璽、托帕石、鋯石的區別
楊惟婷
海藍寶、藍色碧璽、托帕石、鋯石，這些寶石單從顏色上來看，似乎沒有很大的區別，但他們的物理性質卻完全不同，這也成為鑒別它們的有利辦法。
一、海藍寶
海藍寶是一種最受喜愛的透明至半透明的天然藍色寶石，最具價值的顏色是中深藍色至微綠藍色，它的折射率較低 (1.57~ 1.58），使它很容易與托帕石和鋯石區分開來，海藍寶一般呈現弱至中等的多向色性-通常為藍及綠藍色，有時為其藍色體色的不同色調呈現。海藍寶的折射率、多向色性及雙折射(DR)的特性讓它可與其它仿品區隔。
火焰法合成藍色尖晶石，其折射率約為1.728，且為單折射，且合成尖晶石具有特殊的光譜吸收模式，其在黃-綠及藍-綠區有三條強烈的鈷吸收帶，而海藍寶未曾出現過此種光譜。
較深色的海藍寶可能因含有鐵的原因，而呈現一系列的吸收帶，在紫-藍區的427nm有最強烈的吸收，藍區的456nm和綠區的536nm有較不明顯的吸收帶，合成尖晶石為具有強烈偽雙折射反應的單折射寶石，在偏光器上常見 影網效應，合成藍色尖晶石在顏色濾鏡下變成紅色，而海藍寶則無反應。
在1990年代後期，少量的水熱法合成海藍寶出現在市場，它們被切磨成小顆的特定尺寸混合在天然的產品內，然而透過放大觀察很容易可見到水熱法生成的典型鑒別特徵-山形生長紋。
二、藍色碧璽
1980年代後期以前，多數市場上所見的藍色碧璽為相當深色調及低色度的綠藍色，這個狀況在巴西的帕拉依巴Paraiba省發現濃烈顏色之碧璽後有所改變，這些寶石的顏色範圍為鮮豔藍-綠至黃綠及藍至靛-藍，致色元素為銅，或可能是錳。
碧璽的折射率（refractive index）是1.62~1.64，折射率差，及強烈二色性的特點可協助區分它與其它透明藍色寶石，藍寶石、尖晶石及丹泉石均可能與折射率較高的靛藍色的帕拉依巴碧璽混淆。
雖然托帕石的折射率在1.61~1.62之間，與碧璽有所重迭，但它的光學特徵為雙軸且折射差值約只有碧璽的一半。帕拉依巴碧璽有時含有銅內含物，其它的淨度特徵包含液體、氣體內含物及生長管。
三、藍色托帕石
天然的中至深藍色托帕石是稀有的，在市場上流通的這些顏色幾乎都是經由輻射再加熱處理，這種處理產生許多不同深淺的藍色，且無法檢測，交易商可能用〝Skyblue〞來描述淡的色彩，而以〝London blue〞〝Swiss blue〞〝Supper blue〞及〝Maxi blue〞來描述深的色彩。
雖然藍色托帕石與海藍寶很相像，而事實上托帕石有較高的折射率(1.61~1.62)。除此之外，托帕石的光學特徵是正雙軸，而海藍寶則是負單軸。
藍色托帕石與淡藍色合成尖晶石也很相似，但因合成尖晶石為單折射，折光率約為1.718，故可很輕易地區分兩者。
經過處理的深藍色托帕石也可能用來仿冒藍色鋯石，然而鋯石的超率限折射率讀值、肉眼可見的重影及獨特的光譜吸收模式可輕易地被分辨出來。
四、藍色鋯石
藍色鋯石在維多利亞時期深受喜愛，而現在再度重回至當代珠寶上，藍色鋯石的藍色體色幾乎總是來自熱處理的結果，顏色範圍從極微綠藍至很強綠藍色。
雖然鋯石是超率限寶石，其強烈的重影證明其為雙折射寶石，大部分已切磨的鋯石呈現高光澤。鋯石通常呈現一系列細緻明銳的吸收線，653.5nm吸收線最強烈，幾乎存在於每顆藍色鋯石。
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