皮膚的告白
楊惟婷
一、皮膚的生理結構
在進行美容保養之前，必先追本溯源，從了解皮膚的組織開始。簡單的說，皮膚的構造可分表皮、真皮和皮下組織三部份。
（一）表皮
表皮就是我們眼睛看得到的部位。它能維持身體必需的體液，並隔絕可能有害的物質，如碰、撞、細菌、紫外線…等。
在表皮的最上層覆蓋著薄薄的脂肪膜，它是由真皮中皮脂腺分泌出來的油分，透過毛壁擴展到皮膚表面的皮脂，和由汗腺排泄出來汗液，在皮膚表面混合乳化而形成一 層『弱酸性』的薄膜。如果分泌適度的話，皮膚就能夠保持生氣盎然，顯得光滑細緻；如果皮脂分泌不足，角質化細胞則容易自皮膚表面脫落，形成乾燥粗糙的肌膚；若分泌過分旺盛，皮膚看起來就是油膩膩的樣子。因為有層膜，才能使表皮角質層的水分不流失，皮膚才得以滋潤。
正常的脂肪膜應保持在5.6～6.5的酸性程度。如果皮膚表面呈現弱酸性，正可抑制皮膚上的細菌、徽菌的繁殖，防止皮膚生病。皮脂分泌少的人，脂肪膜就會不足，這時必須要使用含油脂脂份較高的乳液來彌補，這時就得藉助保養的工夫了。通常女性一過了25歲，皮膚組織開始由顛峰往下走，製造脂肪膜的機能也逐漸衰弱，因此保養更是不可忽視的一項工作。
表皮內的角質層細胞有新陳代謝的作用，約隔28天脫落一次，其中表皮和真皮之間有一層波浪形的圓柱，圓柱核心含有一整排的黑素（茶色色素）細胞，且排列整齊。這細胞層稱為『基層底』。這些細胞會漸漸改變形狀，並逐漸角化，堆在表皮上。最後它們會變成沒有核心的薄片狀，且又硬又薄的細胞（角質細胞），彼此重疊，形成皮膚最外一層。這角質細胞從表面一片一片剝落，使皮膚不斷新陳代謝而有新細胞。這種現象叫做「角化」。角化順利，皮膚新陳代謝良好，皮膚自然光滑亮麗；萬一角化不順利（這現象稱做角化異常），皮膚表面乾燥又粗糙，時而掉落許多鱗狀薄片（像魚鱗般白色皮膚薄片）。
另外，在表皮的基底細胞之間，有黑素細胞（色素形成細胞），它們是決定膚色的重要細胞。它們呈星形狀且有長長的突起，突起處把黑色色素注入基底細胞中。膚色是白、是黑，由黑色色素的量或顏色深淺決定。
（二）真皮
表皮下面厚厚一層的即是“真皮”，是皮膚原本狀態，故稱做“真皮”。它的厚度是表皮的數倍，皮膚的張力、彈性及厚度全是由真皮來決定。真皮上有許多血管，且併排二種纖維。一種是決定皮膚彈性的彈性纖維，另外一種是膠原蛋白纖維，它們一束長長的且併排在一起。
真皮的突出部分叫毛乳頭，包括毛細血管、淋巴管、神經最後部份。真皮的毛細血管不僅負責皮膚的營養，並將皮膚的廢物排出體外。
皮膚之所以透著紅色光，是由於血管的顏色襯托出來的，一平方公分的皮膚大約分佈著四呎長的血管。
真皮內又含毛囊、皮脂腺、汗線。倘若這些機能一衰退，皮膚就會呈現老化現象；如果彈力纖維萎縮，細小皺紋就會增加。
受傷後皮膚的更生力也是存在於真皮層。燒傷到此層，皮膚並不致留下難看的傷痕；然而，若真皮全部破壞並傷到皮下組織，則會留下永難褪除的疤痕。
另外，當真皮上水分充足時，皮膚就會顯得浮腫難看。真皮上層的水分多寡由全身健康情形而定，皮膚的張力也受身體健康的影響。
至於皮膚的「滋潤」就不是由真皮水分多寡來決定，而是由表皮角質層的水分量來決定。
（三）皮下組織
皮下組織為皮膚的最下層，含豐富的皮下脂肪。全身皮膚含的脂肪量各不相同，其中以眼圈的含量最少，最易鬆弛、老化。例如：在熬夜、過度疲勞或生病的時候，常會感覺「眼睛塌陷」，這是由於眼睛四周的脂肪本來就少，加上身體狀況不佳，脂肪全部耗光的緣故。
但是，如果攝取過多的糖分就會在體內轉換成脂肪，貯存在皮下組織中。所以吃太多甜食會發胖，原因就在這裏。皮下脂肪組織在美容上的問題只是影響皮膚曲線的美醜，和化妝品使用後所產生的種種問題並無關連。如果妳不 想發胖，少吃甜食為妙；同時，糖分會促進皮脂分泌旺盛，易生青春痘，為使自己美眉，就儘量少碰甜食。
二、皮膚的生理功能
一般而言，皮膚具有以下七種功能：
（一）呼吸作用：
從皮膚表面經常散發水氣（肉眼看不見的汗），同時，向真皮輸送氧氣，以促進真皮的功能。
（二）分泌作用：
皮脂腺和汗腺的分泌物可以滋潤皮膚，使皮膚保持健美。但如果皮脂分泌不正常，皮膚也不正常。分泌過多，皮膚呈油性；分泌過少，皮膚就會粗糙。另外，由於激素的作用，有時還會出現粉刺和疙瘩。
（三）吸收作用：
通過毛孔、汗腺以及個人皮膚充分吸收（浸透）溶於脂肪的物質。因而可以有效的浸透化妝品的營養成分。
（四）保護作用：
真皮及皮下組織可以緩衝來自外部的打擊和刺激，同時，可以保護身體不受細菌和強烈陽光等的侵害。
（五）感覺作用：
依靠佈滿皮膚神經纖維，可以產生觸覺、冷熱覺、痛覺等。
（六）調節體溫作用：
要維持身體健康，就要把多餘的熱量散發到體外，這主要靠皮膚來完成。溫度高時，皮膚鬆弛，熱量容易散發；寒冷時，皮膚收縮，可減少散熱。
（七）表現作用：
喜怒哀樂之情，常可以反映在皮膚上，驚恐時蒼白、發怒時漲紅、煩躁時皮膚變得粗糙。
三、留意皮膚釋出的警訊
皮膚是人體最大的器官，當我們身體內部出現問題時，通常會有明顯的警訊出現在皮膚上，皮膚上細微的改變可能透露內臟疾病正默默侵襲著人體，皮膚可以說是疾病的警報區，從頭到腳的皮膚，都可以看出健康的問題。
例如膚色突然異常（包括痣的顏色改變），或長出丘疹、斑塊等，如嘴唇、口腔黏膜出現黑點；胸與背部出現很多咖啡色或棕黑色斑塊；不論兒童或成人，頸部、腋下、鼠蹊部等皮膚皺摺處，如果出現黑色大片斑塊。若持續一段時間，甚至三個月以上，這時，皮膚釋出的可能警訊：
1、肥胖者，很可能是「黑色棘皮症」，默默預告未來得糖尿病的高風險；尤其是五十～七十歲的人，就要注意腸胃是否有息肉病變，甚至癌症。這是因為身體分泌過多的胰島素，刺激局部皮膚的黑色素沉積而造成。
2、另外，黑色棘皮症如果出現在手掌、口腔黏膜，有可能是胃癌、肺癌等引起的表現。
3、但有些藥物也會引起黑色棘皮症，建議要找專科醫師進一步檢查確認。此時，要到醫院做檢查，不能輕忽。
又如，皮膚會發癢。
每個人偶而都會覺得皮膚癢，抓一抓就沒事了，但如果長期發癢就要留意了。北市立聯合醫院家醫科醫師顏正中提到，若長期全身發癢，要小心是否有肝腎功能異常，少數久病不癒的癢，也可能與甲狀腺、自體免疫問題甚至淋巴癌有關。身體其他器官病變，也可以導致皮膚出現癢感，如B、C型肝炎、愛滋病患者以及缺鐵性貧血的人。長期皮膚癢一定要找出原因，生活習慣、職業、藥物史、過敏史、病史都要仔細檢視、對症下藥，千萬不可輕忽。
又如，黃疸。
凡肝功能不好者，會讓身體累積超標的「膽紅素」，過多的膽紅素會進一步讓皮膚和眼白泛黃，我們稱作「黃疸」。而且黃疸患者的皮膚特別容易搔癢，尿液顏色也容易變成紅棕色（或茶色）。
又如，身上有不明的黑痣。
一般的痣是良性的，大多長到一定程度就會停止，0.6公分以下的痣，觀察即可。但病灶若不斷長大超過0.6公分，伴隨形狀不規則、突出，加上破皮、出血、傷口難癒合，可能就是皮膚癌的症狀，建議到皮膚科就醫。其中，「黑色素細胞癌」常出現在手腳或指甲下方，因為極易轉移、惡性程度大、致死率較高，只能藉由早期發現早期治療來提升治癒率。
又如，身上出現蜘蛛痣。
肝硬化病人每三人就有一人，身上有蜘蛛痣；酒精引起的肝硬化，更是每兩人就有一人有蜘蛛痣。
不過，健康的人，例如孕婦、服用避孕藥的婦女、或青春期的孩子，可能因為體內荷爾蒙變化，有時也會短暫出現蜘蛛痣。
總之，只耍多關照身體的變化，必要時尋求醫師診治，但請別恐慌。
微信 
留言列表（698条）
Thanks for the ideas you are revealing on this blog site. Another thing I’d like to say is always that getting hold of duplicates of your credit history in order to inspect accuracy of any detail would be the first action you have to conduct in credit score improvement. You are looking to freshen your credit file from destructive details flaws that screw up your credit score.
Simply wish to say your article is as astounding. The clearness to your submit is just excellent and i could suppose you’re a professional on this subject. Fine along with your permission let me to clutch your feed to keep updated with imminent post. Thanks 1,000,000 and please continue the rewarding work.
Undeniably believe that that you stated. Your favourite justification appeared to be at the net the easiest factor to bear in mind of. I say to you, I definitely get annoyed whilst other people consider issues that they just don’t realize about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top and defined out the entire thing with no need side effect , other people can take a signal. Will probably be again to get more. Thanks
Have you ever considered about adding a little bit more than just your articles? I mean, what you say is important and all. However imagine if you added some great graphics or videos to give your posts more, “pop”! Your content is excellent but with pics and clips, this blog could undeniably be one of the most beneficial in its niche. Fantastic blog!
Thanks for your article. It is rather unfortunate that over the last one decade, the travel industry has already been able to to fight terrorism, SARS, tsunamis, flu virus, swine flu, and the first ever entire global economic downturn. Through everthing the industry has really proven to be effective, resilient plus dynamic, acquiring new strategies to deal with trouble. There are generally fresh difficulties and opportunities to which the business must yet again adapt and respond.
Excellent goods from you, man. I have understand your stuff previous to and you’re just too magnificent. I really like what you’ve acquired here, certainly like what you are stating and the way in which you say it. You make it enjoyable and you still care for to keep it sensible. I can not wait to read far more from you. This is actually a great website.
Out of my notice, shopping for gadgets online may be easily expensive, but there are some how-to’s that you can use to obtain the best discounts. There are generally ways to uncover discount offers that could make one to possess the best technology products at the smallest prices. Good blog post.
Thanks for sharing excellent informations. Your site is so cool. I am impressed by the details that you?ve on this website. It reveals how nicely you perceive this subject. Bookmarked this website page, will come back for more articles. You, my friend, ROCK! I found simply the information I already searched all over the place and simply could not come across. What an ideal web site.
Nice info!
Thank you for this article. I’d personally also like to say that it can become hard if you find yourself in school and just starting out to establish a long credit score. There are many learners who are simply trying to live and have a long or good credit history can occasionally be a difficult matter to have.
I have observed that online diploma is getting common because getting your college degree online has turned into a popular selection for many people. Numerous people have never had an opportunity to attend an established college or university nonetheless seek the raised earning potential and a better job that a Bachelor’s Degree gives you. Still other individuals might have a diploma in one discipline but would want to pursue anything they now develop an interest in.
There’s noticeably a bundle to know about this. I assume you made sure nice factors in options also.
I would like to thank you for the efforts you’ve put in writing this site. I am hoping the same high-grade site post from you in the upcoming also. Actually your creative writing skills has encouraged me to get my own blog now. Really the blogging is spreading its wings quickly. Your write up is a great example of it.
Thank you for another excellent post. Where else could anybody get that type of info in such an ideal way of writing? I have a presentation next week, and I am on the look for such info.
I am extremely impressed together with your writing talents as smartly as with the format in your weblog. Is that this a paid topic or did you modify it yourself? Anyway stay up the nice quality writing, it?s uncommon to peer a great weblog like this one today..
I really appreciate this post. I have been looking everywhere for this! Thank goodness I found it on Bing. You’ve made my day! Thank you again
Thanks for sharing your ideas in this article. The other element is that whenever a problem develops with a computer motherboard, folks should not have some risk associated with repairing it themselves for if it is not done properly it can lead to permanent damage to all the laptop. In most cases, it is safe to approach a dealer of your laptop for the repair of that motherboard. They’ve got technicians who definitely have an skills in dealing with notebook motherboard difficulties and can have the right prognosis and accomplish repairs.
Thanks for your suggestions. One thing we’ve noticed is the fact banks along with financial institutions know the spending behaviors of consumers and also understand that the majority of people max out there their real credit cards around the vacations. They wisely take advantage of this particular fact and then start flooding your current inbox and also snail-mail box using hundreds of Zero APR credit card offers right after the holiday season finishes. Knowing that when you are like 98 in the American community, you’ll rush at the one opportunity to consolidate card debt and move balances to 0 interest rates credit cards.
Hi there, You have done a fantastic job. I will definitely digg it and for my part recommend to my friends. I am confident they will be benefited from this site.
I beloved as much as you’ll obtain carried out right here. The sketch is attractive, your authored subject matter stylish. nevertheless, you command get got an shakiness over that you wish be turning in the following. ill indubitably come more formerly again as exactly the same just about very continuously inside case you shield this hike.
Amazing write-up!
I have noticed that in digital camera models, specialized receptors help to {focus|concentrate|maintain focus|target|a**** automatically. Those sensors of some video cameras change in contrast, while others make use of a beam involving infra-red (IR) light, specifically in low lighting. Higher specification cameras sometimes use a blend of both methods and could have Face Priority AF where the digicam can ‘See’ a face while keeping your focus only on that. Many thanks for sharing your thinking on this site.
I do agree with all the ideas you’ve presented in your post. They are very convincing and will definitely work. Still, the posts are very short for beginners. Could you please extend them a bit from next time? Thanks for the post.
I would love to add that when you do not now have an insurance policy or perhaps you do not form part of any group insurance, you may well make use of seeking the assistance of a health insurance agent. Self-employed or individuals with medical conditions normally seek the help of the health insurance agent. Thanks for your text.
bookdecorfactory.com is a Global Trusted Online Fake Books Decor Store. We sell high quality budget price fake books decoration, Faux Books Decor. We offer FREE shipping across US, UK, AUS, NZ, Russia, Europe, Asia and deliver 100+ countries. Our delivery takes around 12 to 20 Days. We started our online business journey in Sydney, Australia and have been selling all sorts of home decor and art styles since 2008.
Many thanks for this article. I would also like to say that it can end up being hard if you find yourself in school and starting out to establish a long credit ranking. There are many individuals who are simply just trying to live and have long or beneficial credit history can occasionally be a difficult issue to have.
You could definitely see your expertise within the work you write. The world hopes for more passionate writers such as you who are not afraid to say how they believe. All the time follow your heart.
I have learned new things from the blog post. Yet another thing to I have recognized is that generally, FSBO sellers are going to reject people. Remember, they will prefer to not ever use your providers. But if you maintain a comfortable, professional connection, offering aid and being in contact for about four to five weeks, you will usually manage to win a discussion. From there, a listing follows. Many thanks
Hi there! I know this is somewhat off topic but I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this website? I’m getting fed up of WordPress because I’ve had issues with hackers and I’m looking at alternatives for another platform. I would be fantastic if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.
As I web site possessor I believe the content material here is rattling wonderful , appreciate it for your efforts. You should keep it up forever! Best of luck.
Wow, superb blog format! How lengthy have you been blogging for? you made running a blog look easy. The entire glance of your web site is great, as smartly as the content!
Aw, this was a very nice post. In idea I wish to put in writing like this additionally ? taking time and precise effort to make a very good article? however what can I say? I procrastinate alot and by no means seem to get something done.
Just want to say your article is as astounding. The clarity in your post is just nice and i could assume you’re knowledgeable on this subject. Fine along with your permission allow me to take hold of your feed to stay updated with coming near near post. Thank you a million and please carry on the enjoyable work.
I have been surfing on-line more than three hours these days, but I never found any attention-grabbing article like yours. It is pretty price sufficient for me. In my view, if all website owners and bloggers made good content as you probably did, the net can be a lot more useful than ever before.
I believe that avoiding highly processed foods could be the first step so that you can lose weight. They will often taste great, but highly processed foods contain very little nutritional value, making you try to eat more in order to have enough energy to get through the day. If you are constantly feeding on these foods, converting to grain and other complex carbohydrates will make you to have more power while consuming less. Good blog post.
Thank you, I have been seeking for information about this subject matter for ages and yours is the best I’ve found so far.
Hi! Do you know if they make any plugins to help with Search Engine Optimization? I’m trying to get my blog to rank for some targeted keywords but I’m not seeing very good gains. If you know of any please share. Thanks!
After study just a few of the blog posts in your web site now, and I really like your way of blogging. I bookmarked it to my bookmark web site checklist and will probably be checking back soon. Pls try my website online as well and let me know what you think.
I’m extremely impressed with your writing skills as well as with the layout on your blog. Is this a paid theme or did you modify it yourself? Anyway keep up the nice quality writing, it is rare to see a great blog like this one today..
Interesting article. It is extremely unfortunate that over the last decade, the travel industry has had to take on terrorism, SARS, tsunamis, flu virus, swine flu, and the first ever real global tough economy. Through it the industry has really proven to be robust, resilient as well as dynamic, getting new solutions to deal with adversity. There are usually fresh challenges and the possiblility to which the field must all over again adapt and behave.
My brother recommended I might like this website. He was entirely right. This post actually made my day. You cann’t imagine just how much time I had spent for this info! Thanks!
Very good site you have here but I was curious about if you knew of any user discussion forums that cover the same topics discussed in this article? I’d really love to be a part of community where I can get responses from other experienced individuals that share the same interest. If you have any suggestions, please let me know. Kudos!
A person essentially help to make seriously posts I would state. This is the first time I frequented your web page and thus far? I amazed with the research you made to make this particular publish incredible. Great job!
Thanks for the posting. My spouse and i have continually observed that almost all people are desirous to lose weight as they wish to appear slim and also attractive. However, they do not constantly realize that there are more benefits just for losing weight also. Doctors state that fat people experience a variety of illnesses that can be perfectely attributed to the excess weight. Fortunately that people who are overweight and suffering from numerous diseases can reduce the severity of their illnesses by losing weight. You are able to see a progressive but noted improvement in health as soon as even a slight amount of weight reduction is attained.
Today, while I was at work, my cousin stole my iphone and tested to see if it can survive a forty foot drop, just so she can be a youtube sensation. My iPad is now destroyed and she has 83 views. I know this is completely off topic but I had to share it with someone!
One thing is the fact that one of the most popular incentives for applying your card is a cash-back or rebate offer. Generally, you’ll get 1-5 back on various expenditures. Depending on the card, you may get 1 returning on most purchases, and 5 again on expenditures made at convenience stores, filling stations, grocery stores plus ‘member merchants’.
Some tips i have seen in terms of computer memory is the fact there are specs such as SDRAM, DDR and many others, that must match up the requirements of the motherboard. If the computer’s motherboard is fairly current while there are no os issues, replacing the storage space literally takes under one hour. It’s one of many easiest computer system upgrade processes one can think about. Thanks for discussing your ideas.
Thanks for the suggestions you have contributed here. Additionally, I believe usually there are some factors which keep your car insurance premium decrease. One is, to think about buying motors that are from the good report on car insurance companies. Cars which are expensive are more at risk of being robbed. Aside from that insurance policies are also using the value of the car, so the higher priced it is, then the higher the particular premium you only pay.
Hello there, You have performed an incredible job. I will definitely digg it and in my view suggest to my friends. I’m confident they’ll be benefited from this website.
Thanks for your write-up. I have usually noticed that almost all people are desirous to lose weight simply because wish to look slim in addition to looking attractive. Nonetheless, they do not often realize that there are additional benefits for losing weight additionally. Doctors say that fat people experience a variety of health conditions that can be perfectely attributed to the excess weight. The good news is that people who are overweight and suffering from a variety of diseases can help to eliminate the severity of their particular illnesses by means of losing weight. It is easy to see a continuous but noticeable improvement with health whenever even a small amount of weight-loss is realized.