如何分辨天然水晶真假?
楊惟婷
剛接觸水晶礦石的朋友，在面對購買及辨別水晶真假時，常常因經驗不足而不知所措，這問題一直困擾初接觸者。
事實上，市面上的水晶，不管是百貨專櫃、水晶專賣店、夜市攤販，真假混雜，幾可亂真，如非玩水晶多年或者真行家，的確很容易買到膺品。
以下，跟大家分享如何分辨天然水晶真偽的技巧:
一、學習水晶的基本常識
選購水晶不是聽價格，是要對水晶的真假、等級與行情要具基本的常識。想要分辨天然水晶真偽，別無他法，平常一定要多看、多問、多接觸、多吸收新資訊。
購買水晶前，先打聽行情，多做功課，不要商人一句: 批發價、開市價、有緣..等等，就被牽著走。不是要各位聽價錢分辨，而是例如一顆全美白水晶球賣你(妳)3000，想都別想，它”一定”是假，賣你的價位遠遠低於市價好幾十倍，不是你運氣好，而是他在欺騙你。
市面上最常見，也是最多人受騙上當的項目都是刻有心經、大悲咒、觀音菩薩等的黃水晶、紫水晶等，天然水晶很難得會來到這麼大還能保持完全清澈無暇、色調一致的。在這說明，此類製模是超音波加工的，和雷射沒有關係。
例如，天然黃水晶的產量是少之又少的，市價又高過於其他水晶，所以商人會用天然”紫水晶”或者”茶水晶”來加溫，使其褪色成黃水晶，以人工方式將天然紫水晶加溫變成黃水晶，來自於天然黃水晶形成的理論，所以受寶石界所公認許可，在市場上也不會去爭議。
基本上，天然清澈的水晶屬高檔貨，但價高量少，初學者盡量不要碰，等累積了足夠的經驗後再說；要注意，純透明的水晶最容易人工合成，透明的白水晶、紫水晶、黃水晶，大部份是養晶，尤其是上面彫了佛像、經文那種項鍊墬子；若以高倍放大鏡看水晶內容物，若有氣泡，亦可能是人造水晶。
初學者最簡單安全的方法是先選購不易仿造的水晶 (如髮晶、綠幽靈、紫水晶，有內涵物、天然冰裂紋、雲霧狀及色帶變化的，或寧選稍有瑕疵之水晶 ) 。比較少見膺品的水晶: 如綠幽靈、髮晶、紫水晶洞，因為成因複雜，通常是沒有假貨的，大家可以放心購買。
二、真假水晶鑒別方法
在此，我們不談非常專業的辨別法，因為需要用到專業儀器，並不是一般人容易接觸的，如果需要專業鑑定，花些錢送去給專家即可。
關於水晶真假的判別，簡易的方法有哪些？
(1) 眼看：
一般而言，因為天然水晶是由大地自然生成，往往受環境影響含有一些雜質，通常水晶內會有內含物（火山灰、結晶體、水、其他礦石共生體…）、冰裂紋、雲霧及色帶變化等，這些特徵人造水晶較不易仿製。對著太陽觀察時，可看到淡淡的均勻細小的橫紋或柳絮狀物質。且天然水晶的結晶多呈六面體，天然的晶柱表層有平行橫紋，肉眼多可看出。
而假水晶多採用殘次的水晶渣、玻璃渣熔煉，經過磨光加工、著色仿造而成，沒有均勻的條紋、柳絮狀物質。
(2)舌舔:
即使在炎熱夏季的三伏天，用舌頭舔天然水晶表面，會有涼爽的感覺。假的水晶，則無涼爽的感覺。
(3)光照：
天然水晶豎放在太陽光下，無論從哪個角度看它，都能放出美麗的光彩。假水晶則不能。
(4)硬度：
天然水晶硬度大，用碎石在飾品上輕輕劃一下，不會留痕迹；若留有條痕，則是假水晶。
(5)用偏光鏡檢查：
在偏光鏡下轉動360度，有四明四暗變化的是天然水晶，沒有變化的是假水晶。
(6)用二色檢查：
天然紫水晶有二色性，假水晶沒有二色性。
(7)用放大鏡檢查：
用十倍放大鏡在透射光下檢查，能找到氣泡的基本上可以定爲假水晶。
(8) 雙折射法：
這種方法只適用再較大一點的水晶球體（5公分以上），取一條黑線或髮絲，用膠帶粘好固定在白紙上，將水晶放在線上，輕輕轉動水晶，找出適當角度，透過水晶觀看黑線，若有折射為2條線影子就是天然水晶，若未有折射現象，仍呈一條線影的話，可能就非天然水晶；此法可分辨水晶與玻璃製品，但要不斷測試角度，並不是每處都會呈現疊影。也須留意，養晶也有雙折射率。
(9)試磁場感應：
將兩顆天然晶石分別以雙手拇指、食指及中指三隻手指頭捏住，兩時距離約1 -2公分，緩緩相對拉遠又靠近，反覆數次，可以感覺到有種類似磁力相吸、相斥的力量，非天然水晶不會有此現象。
(10)用熱導儀檢測：
將熱導儀調節到綠色4格測試寶石，天然水晶能上升至黃色2格，而假水晶不上升，當面積大時上升至黃色一格。
三、非純天然的水晶種類介紹
以下，介紹幾種常見的假水晶或非純天然的水晶種類給您認識。
(1) 壓克力、玻璃製品：
這可以從觸感、溫度、重量、硬度、光線扭曲折射（單折射）上分辨出，又容易刮傷（硬度不夠），很容易就分辨出來，這種仿品現在已經很少了。例如天然水晶手握起來感覺較冰涼，若是人工合成或根本是壓克力、玻璃製品，手握起來感覺溫溫的。
(2) 熔煉水晶：
就是用水晶砂（矽砂）提煉而成，屬單折射，市面上這種水晶很多。
所謂的熔煉水晶實際上是純粹的玻璃，只不過所用的原料是選用比較好的石英或水晶的碎塊，至今尚未發現有大紅色的天然水晶，若真的出現，早已價值連城，不可能以較低價格出售。
(3) 鉛玻璃：
玻璃中熔入5﹪~25﹪不等比例的鉛而增加其光彩，因為折射率、色散率都好，色彩奪目動人，許多工藝類擺設飾品都是用此法製造。
(4) 工業用水晶：
也稱「養晶」；市面上最多的是無色透明的白水晶、紫水晶、黃水晶、水藍色的仿冒品，常做成佛像、經文項鍊墬…，只要是透明無暇，價格又低廉的水晶飾品，多是此種水晶製品；真正透明無暇的天然水晶屬高檔貨，價格都不便宜，別忘了一分錢一分貨。
養晶的生長過程為：取一塊天然水晶，用人工方法創造一個適合水晶生長的環境，讓水晶快速生長，水晶可以以每天約0.8mm速度生長。此種水晶較常用在工業用途，通常切割為晶片作為電子、電腦、通訊用途，石英錶中就有用到工業用水晶，利用其規律的震盪頻率，讓指針運行。
(5)熱處理水晶：
最常用在將紫水晶經熱處理後成為黃水晶，因為天然黃水晶產量較少，而業界普遍認為紫水晶和黃水晶的差別，只在於其生長過程中受熱的程度不同而已，故呈現不同顏色，因此利用人工加熱處理，將紫水晶顏色轉變成黃色，此種方式在業界是被普遍使用的。
(6)輻射處理水晶：
最常用在將白水晶經處理後成為煙水晶（茶晶），由於煙水晶的顏色是由天然輻射物質所產生，故有人用人工處理，使白水晶轉變顏色，此種方式在業界也是被普遍使用的。
三、雌雄莫辨經驗談
基本上，珠寶市場上有什麼樣的天然寶石，就有什麼樣的仿製品。
(1)是水晶球、還是玻璃球?
水晶球觀賞價值很高，因此價格也很高。一個10釐米以上好水晶球，價值萬元至幾十萬元。由於經濟利益的驅動，不法商人為了獲取暴利，拿玻璃球冒充水晶球者有之。
其實是否是水晶球或玻璃球肉眼識別是很簡單而又可靠的。只要用一根頭髮絲放在一張白紙上，將球體壓在頭髮絲上，不斷轉動球體並通過球體觀察髮絲的變化，發現有髮絲雙影則為水晶球，如果轉動任意方向均看不到髮絲雙影則為玻璃球。這是因為水晶具有雙折射率，而玻璃是非晶質體只有折射之故。
(2)是水晶項鍊、還是玻璃鏈?
珠寶市場常遇到玻璃項鍊，常見有二種類型，一種是玻璃模鑄型，一種是玻璃經切磨加工而成。肉眼識別是否是水晶項鍊還是玻璃項鍊，常採取一試、二看。
一試就是將項鍊貼于面部試溫涼感，玻璃因導熱慢，不一會就感覺有溫感，而水晶因導熱快，所以具涼感。
二看，首先要看飾品的內部是否有氣泡，玻璃製品一般具有球形或細長氣泡，類似正被攪拌粘性液體中出現氣泡一樣。然後看是否有流動線，有流動線者為玻璃。所謂流動線乃是由玻璃熔融體在冷卻過程中或其它因素干擾而形成的一種現象，似粘滯流動糖漿上的絲光效應。模鑄玻璃品，其表面往往不太平整，不光滑且見有印模的痕跡。如果有穿孔的話，其孔中光滑，孔的兩端常見有凹陷。
若用儀器從光學角度觀察分析，天然水晶項鍊成一軸正光性，豎放在陽光下，可放出五顏六色的光彩，不論從哪一角度看，它都能放射出美麗的光彩，假的則不能。
若從理化角度分析，天然水晶項鍊，其硬度、比重、折光率與假的水晶項鍊有較大差異。天然水晶項鍊硬度為7.00，折光率為1.54；而假的硬度僅達5.20-6.10.折光率不到1.00.
若從純潔度上看，假的純度高，天然水晶有的不同程度有痞點與顏色不一等。
天然水晶項鍊，似乎表面塗一層薄薄油色，呈青色。假的則沒有，象玻璃一樣發白。
(3)是水晶眼鏡、還是玻璃眼鏡?
將水晶眼鏡與玻璃眼鏡各一片，擦洗乾淨（一定要擦洗乾淨），然後用火柴棒或牙籤沾上水，分別滴於各眼鏡片上幾滴，水滴的直徑約在1毫米左右，在相同的環境溫度下觀察，如果是玻璃眼鏡片，則水滴會擴散開來，如果是水晶，則水滴保持球形。水晶眼鏡片上水滴的自然蒸乾速度比玻璃眼鏡片要快近一倍。這樣很快就把玻璃與水晶鏡片分開。其原因是玻璃是非晶質體，水晶是晶質體，其表面張力與導熱係數不一樣所致。
(4)是水晶原石、還是仿水晶塊體?
在水晶原石交易市場，常有用玻璃塊體冒充水晶原石出售。
有三種情況，一種是將玻璃塊體經切磨拋光成六棱柱充當水晶單晶體出售；一種將玻璃塊體，表面經人工處理，坑坑凹，並有鐵的氧化物與泥土污染，在處理的表面常開一個視窗，通過視窗可見其內部純淨無暇。遇到上述情況，要採取一掂、二劃、三看。所謂掂，就是拿在手上掂下重感，因水晶比玻璃（鉛玻璃除外）有沉重感，輕感者為玻璃。所謂劃，就是用水晶刻劃仿水晶塊體，能刻動者為玻璃，這是因為玻璃硬度比水晶硬度要小之故。所謂看，就是看其中是否有氣泡或流線構造，有者為玻璃。通過上述方法一般就能區別開來。
(5)是紫水晶、還是紫色螢石?
水晶原石交易市場，常見有人用紫色螢石晶族冒充紫水晶銷售，而且要價甚高。這時只要你用隨身帶的小刀劃一下，馬上就能識別。
螢石摩氏硬度為4，小刀能刻動，水晶硬度為7，小刀刻不動。
(6)是海藍寶石晶體、還是玻璃品?
有一位不太內行的珠寶商，在新疆經營珠寶時，花了4000元購回一顆 “海藍寶石”晶體，其晶體非常完整，顏色非常漂亮，可稱得上是一級品。
然而當仔細觀察卻發現其晶體表面有切磨拋光的擦痕，同時在晶體內部發現有3個球形氣泡，用放大鏡觀察氣泡內壁光滑乾淨，初步認為不是海藍寶石。後經儀器檢測證明是用海藍色玻璃經加工磨製成的仿海藍寶石單晶體。
(7)是翡翠戒面、還是玻璃戒面?
一位收藏者，拿出一顆祖傳的翡翠戒面（素面型）要鑒定，剛一看到是給人的感覺是一顆質優的翡翠飾品。
但仔細一看發現戒面底面的中心，有一個圓滑的凹陷，其圓滑面上光滑與其他地方光澤也不一樣（圓滑處未經拋光），肉眼鑒定為玻璃品，後經儀器檢測證明是一顆翠綠色的玻璃戒面。
(8)髮晶、各類幻影水晶、水晶柱、水晶花、水晶洞、水晶簇、原礦類，較少人工合成品，可以放心選購。
但水晶洞、水晶簇、原礦類選購時仍要注意是否有修補過，尤其是晶洞類，常有修補痕跡，不難看出。
(9)選購粉晶時，如果粉晶顏色過於鮮豔且均勻，極有可能是染色過的，粉晶染色是很普遍的。
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