咳嗽居家療法
楊惟婷整理
咳嗽像呼吸一樣，是一種保護性反射動作，透過咳嗽可以把呼吸道中的「垃圾」清理出來，所以咳嗽同時往往伴有咳痰，痰就是「垃圾」。
事實上，咳嗽保護肺部不受灰塵、塵蟎刺激，少量咳嗽是正常且健康維持氣管暢通的方式。
一、持續咳嗽的原因
即使是保護性反射動作，如果咳嗽劇烈，影響睡眠和進食，也要治療。但如果咳得太厲害，那就說明肺臟出問題。如果長期咳嗽刺激，使咳嗽中樞持久處於高度興奮狀態，這時的咳嗽就不是具有保護作用的反射動作，應該積極止咳。
咳嗽有許多不同病因，包括呼吸道本身的病變，如呼吸道過敏、慢性非感染性發炎、感染性發炎、腫瘤、先天器官畸形、胸壁疾患、外傷；或心因性咳嗽、縱隔腔器官組織病變，如腫瘤、胃食道逆流，以及橫膈周圍臟器致病（如嚴重腎病或肝病），影嚮胸肺部等，都是可能的病因。
- 持續咳嗽常是病毒感染鼻腔、鼻竇和氣管等上呼吸道的症狀。
感冒和流感是常見的上呼道感染。當發聲的喉部也連帶發炎（喉炎），會引發疼痛和嗓音嘶啞。
- 也可能因為鼻涕倒流，造成對喉部的刺激而咳嗽。鼻涕倒流是指黏液由鼻腔後部倒流進入喉嚨。咳嗽也可能伴隨許多慢性病。
- 過敏和氣喘發作，常會不由自主地咳嗽。
- 抽菸的人也會咳。
- 環境的刺激物，包括煙霧、灰塵、二手煙以及空氣乾冷等天候因素也會誘發咳嗽。
- 咳嗽有時候是因為胃酸倒流進入食道，在極少數情況下，甚至進入肺部，稱做「胃食道逆流」。
- 不過，即使沒有任何潛在疾病，有的人也會習慣性咳嗽。
二、緩解持續性咳嗽的居家療法
日常保健避免咳嗽不止，包括支氣管炎咳嗽劇烈者，忌食辛辣菸酒等刺激的食物，如胡椒、辣椒、蒜、蔥、韭菜等。
咳嗽痰多黏膩者，忌食油膩及黏滯的食物，如肥肉、奶油、油炸品、花生、糯米等。
亦可採取以下步驟緩解持續性咳嗽：
- 多喝水：液體能幫助清喉嚨。建議喝水或果汁，不要喝汽水或咖啡。
- 使用潮濕機：感冒時，喉嚨容易受乾燥空氣刺激引發咳嗽。使用潮濕機濕潤空氣，呼吸更自在。
- 含喉糖：喉糖可以紓緩輕微的喉嚨疼痛或喉嚨乾燥等不適，預防咳嗽。
- 嘗試蜂蜜：加2茶匙的蜂蜜於溫茶或溫檸檬水裡。有研究指出，睡前給予2歲以上的幼兒飲用蜂蜜水能減輕夜咳，改善睡眠。
但不要餵1歲以下的嬰兒喝蜂蜜，讓嬰兒吃到帶有污染花粉或細菌的蜂蜜，可能引起罕見卻嚴重的食物中毒—─嬰兒肉毒桿菌中毒。
- 墊高床頭：假如是胃酸逆流引起的咳嗽，建議將床頭墊高10～15公分。另外，避免在睡前2～3小時飲食。
- 別喝咳嗽糖漿：別浪費錢在非處方咳嗽糖漿因為它們不見得有效。
三、捏捏小手有助止咳
咳嗽最愛找的對象就是老人和小孩，尤其只要天氣一冷。
以下提供一種按摩療法，久咳時，就在手指上「捏」一下吧。
可在小兒手上的食指與中指之間不到五分處，有一個點叫「止咳點」，腳穴可參照手穴取，按揉這個點三分鐘，可以產生很好的鎮咳作用。
四、小孩的鼻塞、咳嗽
沒有藥物可以加速感冒的復原，或是縮短時間。感冒成藥，像是含抗組織胺和抗鼻塞的藥物，通常對減輕學齡前的小孩的感冒症狀沒效，而且可能會有副作用。抗生素也無法對抗病毒感染的感冒。父母可以做的是，儘量讓小孩感到舒服，鼓勵他們休息。
不過，要特別注意以下幾件事：
- 讓免疫系統發揮作戰力：如果小孩發燒但是溫度不高，不要立刻給退燒藥。
梅約醫學中心指出，藉著升高溫度，小孩身體正在製造一種不利病毒生存的環境。不過，如果高燒引起脫水或抽搐，必須立刻就醫。
- 16歲以下的小孩病毒感染時，例如感冒，千萬不要給阿斯匹靈。
美國國家衛生研究院指出，阿斯匹靈用在小孩病毒感染，會引起雷氏症候群──雖然罕見，但是會致命的疾病，通常發生在3～12歲小孩。 - 一般來說小孩感冒會比大人來得嚴重，而且比較容易有併發症，例如耳朵感染。 美國梅約醫學中心建議，如果小孩有以下症狀，應該就醫：發燒超過40度、畏寒、發燒超過72小時、嘔吐、肚子痛、不尋常的嗜睡、頭痛、呼吸困難、持續哭、耳朵痛。
- 若長期久咳，則應尋找專業醫師作確切診療。尤其持續咳嗽超過2～3週以上，或伴隨發燒、呼吸急促，或咳血痰，就需要就醫。
五、一帖咳嗽食療小偏方–苦茶油炒飯
劇烈或持續咳嗽也會刺激肺部。反覆咳嗽也會使支氣管狹窄，刺激呼吸道內壁。
中醫師廖千慧表示，咳嗽的中醫病變機轉，主要病變在肺臟，且與肝脾腎也相關，其特點為邪氣犯肺，肺失宣肅，故肺氣上逆而作咳。
久咳不癒的原因可簡單分成風寒、痰濕、陰虛、燥熱。
根據《本草綱目》記載：「茶籽主治喘急咳嗽、去痰垢。」於是有人鼓勵吃苦茶油治喘急咳嗽、去痰、潤喉。
中醫師推荐一道「苦茶油炒飯」料理，可針對抵抗力較弱引起咳嗽不癒的人食用。
【苦茶油炒飯】：
材料：
白米兩杯、甜杏仁10g、甘草8片、苦茶油、大蒜、蔥花、豬肉絲100g(退冰)、雞蛋兩顆(先打在碗裡)、食鹽少許。
作法：
1、前一天先將白米洗掏乾淨後，加入甜杏仁及甘草片，放入電鍋煮成白米飯，放冰箱冷藏備用。
2、炒鍋中放入苦茶油、大蒜，以小火慢煸。
3、待大蒜香氣開始出現，倒入蛋汁，將蛋汁翻炒到凝固後，再加入豬肉絲一起翻炒。
4、當豬肉絲炒到九分熟，加入前一天煮好的白米飯。將白米飯與鍋內所有配料翻炒均勻之後，再加入蔥花、食鹽適量，攪拌均勻即可關火。
適用對象：身體虛弱或勞累過度，以致抵抗力變差，著涼或感冒之後就久咳不癒，喉嚨發癢咳嗽但是不痛，無痰或少痰者。
效果：白米補中益氣；甜杏仁止咳平喘、潤腸通便；甘草補脾益氣、潤肺止咳；苦茶油潤肺降逆止咳，蔥花及大蒜可以辛溫散寒。
除了上面說的那個「苦茶油炒飯」料理，家長還可以在家為孩子做一些治療咳嗽的食療湯，中醫認為感冒咳嗽多由風寒之邪侵襲，內鬱肺氣，肺衛失宣而引起。所以選用食物可以選一些宣肺散寒的食物，像蘿蔔、香菜、薑棗…等。
六、香蕉燉冰糖偏方可治常年咳
香蕉燉冰糖能治常年咳？我半信半疑。
但嘗試著試服，沒料到，一個禮拜以後，咳嗽盡除。特將療法予以披露：
購香蕉二或三條、冰糖一至二兩 。
先將香蕉切成一寸大小的小塊（去皮），再將冰糖搗碎，然後置於碗中，加入半碗水，之後放入鍋中，隔水燉煮約十分鐘，待冰糖溶化並冷卻後食用。此時的香蕉雖然又爛又澀，很難下嚥，但卻能對咳嗽發揮奇效。
此種療法，每晚一次，一周即可見效。
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