人生沒有標準答案2
惟雯說故事
二次大戰時，美國軍方委託著名的心理學家桂爾福 (J. P. Guilford)研發一套心理測驗，希望能用這套東西挑選出最優秀的人，來擔任飛行員。
結果很慘，通過這套測試的飛行員，訓練時成績表現也很亮眼，可是一上戰場，三兩下就被擊落，死亡率非常高。
桂爾福在檢討問題時，發現那些戰績輝煌，身經百戰打不死的飛行員，多半是由退役的『老鳥』挑選出來的。他非常納悶，為什麼專業精密的心理測量，卻比不上『老鳥』的直覺呢？其中的問題在哪兒呢？
桂爾福向一個老鳥請教，老鳥說：『是什麼道理，我也說不清。不如你和我一起挑幾個小子看看，如何？』
桂爾福說：『能夠這樣是最好不過了。』
第一個年輕人推門進來，老鳥請他坐下，桂爾福在旁觀察、紀錄。
老鳥問：『小夥子，如果德國人發現你的飛機，高射砲打上來，你怎麼辦？』
菜鳥說：『把飛機飛到更高的高度。』
老鳥問：『你怎麼知道的？』
菜鳥說：『作戰手冊上寫的，這是標準答案啊，對不？』
老鳥說：『正確，是標準答案。恭喜你，你可以走了。』
菜鳥說：『長官，只有一個問題嗎？沒有其他要問的嗎？』
菜鳥說：『你沒有問題，接下來的問題是我們的。』
菜鳥說：『是的，長官！』
第一個菜鳥走出去後，進來第二個菜鳥。他剛一坐下，老鳥問了同樣的問題：『小夥子，如果德國人發現你的飛機，高射砲打上來，你怎麼辦？』
菜鳥說：『呃，找片雲堆，躲進去。』
老鳥說：『是嗎？如果沒有雲呢？』
菜鳥說：『向下俯衝，跟他們拼了！』
老鳥說：『你找死啊？』
菜鳥說：『那搖擺機身呢？』
老鳥說：『是你開飛機還是我開？書，你都沒看？』
菜鳥說：『長官，你說的是作戰手冊嗎？』
老鳥說：『對，難道叫你看《靈犬萊西？』
菜鳥說：『作戰手冊我有看，但太厚，有些記不清。長官，我愛開飛機，我要替美國開飛機。但讀書對我像讀食譜。』
老鳥說：『什麼意思？』
菜鳥說：『我煎蛋、煎牛排都行，我還會幫我老媽烤蘋果派。但要我像食譜那樣做，我就搞不懂了。』
老鳥說：『好，你可以下去了。』
菜鳥說：『長官，我是不是說錯什麼？』
老鳥說：『菜鳥，現在不要問問題。』
等菜鳥走出門，老鳥轉過身來問桂爾福：『教授，如果是你決定，你要挑哪一個？』
桂爾福說：『嗯，我想聽聽你的意見。』
老鳥說：『我會把第一個刷掉，挑第二個。』
桂爾福說：『為什麼？』
老鳥說：『沒錯，第一個答的是標準答案，把飛機的高度拉高，讓敵人的高射炮打不到你。
但是，德國人是笨蛋嗎？我們知道標準答案，他們不知道嗎？
所以德軍一定故意在低的地方打一波，引誘你把飛機拉高，然後他真正的火網就在高處等著你。這樣你不死，誰死？』
桂爾福說：『噢，原來如此。』
老鳥說：『第二個傢伙，雖然有點搞笑。但是，越是不按牌理出牌的小子，他的隨機應變能力反而越好。碰到麻煩，他可以想出不同的方法來解決，方法越多，活命的機會就越大，像我這種真的打過很多仗沒死的，心裡最清楚，戰場上發生的事，作戰手冊都沒有。只有一樣跟書上寫的一樣。』
桂爾福說：『哪一樣？』
老鳥說：『葬禮。只有這樣兒跟書寫的一字不差。作戰都靠背書，那你只能戰死，找不到答案！』
桂爾福經此教訓，重新改造他的測試。新的測試就會問：『如果你有一塊磚頭，請說出50種不同的用途？』
這類激發創意的問題。不但為美國選出真正優秀的飛行員，也因此創造了『創意測試』，成為現代創意活動之父。
人都有惰性，碰到問題，總會用最快、最簡單的方法來解決。最好有個標準答案，是以前人用過就有效的，這樣就不用花腦筋去想。久了成為習慣，就不會去思考新的可能。
現代教育最大的問題，就在『標準答案』。
為了做評量的方便，為了表面的公平，標準答案就是最好的尺，最準的秤。快又簡單，沒什麼討論空間，只有對與錯，一翻兩瞪眼。
如果你相信只有一個標準答案，你不只會停止尋找，在你有了一個標準答案，你就會停止思考。就像兔子睡著了，只要牠不醒來，距離再短，永遠也到不了點。
你知道日本東芝早年起家時，差點經營不善而關門，是什麼救了東芝？是『彩色電風扇』。
當年第一台電風扇，是黑色的。從此，每個公司生產的電風扇也是黑色的。1952年東芝也不例外，照樣生產了一堆黑色的電扇。但銷售很差，競爭不過別家，公司有 7 萬名員工，想不出一個辦法，眼看公司陷入危機。
董事長石阪宣佈：『誰能讓電扇打開銷路，就把公司 10%的股份給他。』
這時候，一個小職員向石阪建議，何不把電扇的外殼改成彩色的呢？
石阪因此開了董事會，大家都說這個建議很荒謬，後來石阪想說死馬當活馬醫，姑且一試。
結果，彩色電扇銷售奇佳，扭轉東芝的命運，東芝從此黑色人生變彩色。電扇改彩色有什麼了不起？
對，因為標準是黑色的，大家就不問青紅皂白，給他黑到底。
停止思考，就會腦筋死。問題他不會光自己死，還會把別人都弄死。我們常說人食古不化，其實古代就有好故事。
三國時，劉備統治蜀漢，酒要專賣，不准民間私釀。
有一天，他出來巡視，發現有個人家有釀酒的器具，便下令把那家人抓起來。
在旁跟隨的簡雍便問劉備為何抓人？
劉備說：『他們有酒具，必有私釀，自然該抓。』
簡雍這時突然叫士兵把路邊一個人抓過來，說這人有罪。
劉備問：『他有何罪？』
簡雍答：『他犯淫罪。』
『怎麼說他犯淫罪，可有證據？』
『有，他有淫具。』
劉備聽了，哈哈一笑，把人全放了。
現實生活上有很多情況現狀,不是用學校教的理論 就可以克服,要學會活用知識的精神 ,知識才能產生力量。
微信 
留言列表（292条）
When someone writes an piece of writing he/she keeps the idea of a user in his/her brain that how a user can be aware of
it. Thus that’s why this article is amazing.
Thanks!
What’s Taking place i am new to this, I stumbled upon this I have found It absolutely helpful and
it has aided me out loads. I’m hoping to give a contribution & aid other customers like
its aided me. Good job.
Hmm is anyone else experiencing problems with the images on this blog loading?
I’m trying to find out if its a problem on my end or if it’s the blog.
Any feedback would be greatly appreciated.
Woah! I’m really enjoying the template/theme
of this blog. It’s simple, yet effective.
A lot of times it’s hard to get that “perfect balance” between usability and appearance.
I must say you have done a fantastic job with this. In addition, the blog loads extremely quick for
me on Safari. Exceptional Blog!
I am extremely impressed with your writing skills as well as with the layout on your blog.
Is this a paid theme or did you customize it yourself?
Either way keep up the nice quality writing, it is rare to see a
great blog like this one these days.
Have you ever thought about publishing an e-book or guest authoring on other websites?
I have a blog based on the same subjects you discuss and would really like to have you share some stories/information. I know my audience would value your work.
If you are even remotely interested, feel free to send me an e mail.
Good day! I could have sworn I’ve been to this blog before but
after going through many of the posts I realized it’s new to me.
Anyways, I’m definitely pleased I came across it and I’ll be book-marking it and checking back frequently!
Hmm it seems like your website ate my first comment (it was super long) so I guess I’ll
just sum it up what I had written and say,
I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog. I as well am an aspiring blog blogger but I’m still new to the whole
thing. Do you have any helpful hints for rookie blog
writers? I’d certainly appreciate it.
What’s up it’s me, I am also visiting this site on a regular basis, this web site is genuinely good and the users are genuinely sharing nice thoughts.
Great delivery. Great arguments. Keep up the good effort.
I’m very pleased to find this page. I wanted to thank you for ones time due to this fantastic read!!
I definitely enjoyed every bit of it and i also have you book
marked to see new stuff in your site.
Wow, wonderful weblog structure! How lengthy have you ever been blogging for?
you made running a blog look easy. The overall glance of your
website is fantastic, as neatly as the content material!
Hi, I do believe this is a great blog. I stumbledupon it 😉 I’m going to return yet again since I saved as a favorite it.
Money and freedom is the greatest way to change, may you be rich and continue
to help others.
I am really loving the theme/design of your weblog.
Do you ever run into any web browser compatibility issues?
A number of my blog audience have complained about my site
not operating correctly in Explorer but looks great in Chrome.
Do you have any suggestions to help fix this problem?
With havin so much content do you ever run into any issues of
plagorism or copyright violation? My site has a lot
of exclusive content I’ve either authored myself or outsourced but it looks like a
lot of it is popping it up all over the web without my authorization. Do
you know any techniques to help stop content from being ripped off?
I’d genuinely appreciate it.
My coder is trying to persuade me to move to .net from PHP.
I have always disliked the idea because of the expenses.
But he’s tryiong none the less. I’ve been using Movable-type
on numerous websites for about a year and am concerned about switching to another platform.
I have heard excellent things about blogengine.net.
Is there a way I can transfer all my wordpress posts into it?
Any kind of help would be greatly appreciated!
It’s amazing for me to have a web page, which is beneficial designed for my knowledge.
thanks admin
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an incredibly long comment but after I clicked submit
my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing
all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say wonderful blog!
It’s really a nice and helpful piece of information. I am satisfied that you simply
shared this helpful info with us. Please stay us informed like this.
Thanks for sharing.
A person necessarily help to make severely posts I might state.
This is the very first time I frequented your web page and to this point?
I surprised with the analysis you made to create this particular post extraordinary.
Wonderful job!
Pretty part of content. I simply stumbled upon your
website and in accession capital to claim that I acquire in fact loved account your blog posts.
Any way I’ll be subscribing to your augment or even I
fulfillment you get entry to persistently rapidly.
I know this web site offers quality depending content
and other data, is there any other web site which offers
such things in quality?
Hi there would you mind sharing which blog platform you’re
using? I’m going to start my own blog soon but I’m having a hard time
choosing between BlogEngine/Wordpress/B2evolution and Drupal.
The reason I ask is because your layout seems different then most blogs and I’m looking for
something completely unique. P.S Apologies for getting off-topic but
I had to ask!
I’m really loving the theme/design of your weblog. Do you ever run into
any web browser compatibility problems? A couple of my blog visitors have complained about my site not operating
correctly in Explorer but looks great in Chrome.
Do you have any tips to help fix this issue?
My brother recommended I might like this website.
He was totally right. This post actually made my day.
You cann’t imagine simply how much time I had spent for this information! Thanks!
May I simply just say what a comfort to uncover an individual who genuinely knows what they are talking about online.
You definitely understand how to bring an issue to light and make it important.
More people really need to read this and understand
this side of the story. I was surprised you are not more
popular given that you definitely have the gift.
Hello would you mind letting me know which web host
you’re working with? I’ve loaded your blog in 3 completely different internet browsers and I must say
this blog loads a lot quicker then most. Can you suggest a
good internet hosting provider at a honest price?
Cheers, I appreciate it!
Your way of telling everything in this piece of writing is in fact pleasant, all be capable of effortlessly understand it, Thanks a
lot.
I all the time used to read piece of writing in news papers but now as I am a user of internet thus from now I am using net for content, thanks to
web.
Appreciating the dedication you put into your blog and detailed information you offer.
It’s great to come across a blog every once in a while that
isn’t the same out of date rehashed material. Great
read! I’ve bookmarked your site and I’m including your RSS
feeds to my Google account.
This is very attention-grabbing, You’re an overly professional blogger.
I’ve joined your feed and sit up for seeking extra of your magnificent post.
Additionally, I’ve shared your website in my social networks
Asking questions are really fastidious thing if you
are not understanding anything totally, but this piece
of writing presents fastidious understanding even.
It’s hard to come by knowledgeable people in this particular topic, but you
seem like you know what you’re talking about! Thanks
This piece of writing will assist the internet users for creating new weblog or even a blog from start to end.
It’s really a great and helpful piece of info.
I’m happy that you just shared this useful info with
us. Please keep us informed like this. Thanks for sharing.
Hmm is anyone else having problems with the images on this blog loading?
I’m trying to figure out if its a problem on my end or if it’s
the blog. Any feedback would be greatly appreciated.
Hi there colleagues, its great article on the topic of teachingand entirely explained,
keep it up all the time.
Very great post. I simply stumbled upon your blog and wished to
mention that I have truly loved surfing around your blog posts.
In any case I’ll be subscribing on your feed and I am hoping you write again soon!
Nice post. I learn something totally new and challenging
on sites I stumbleupon everyday. It will always be helpful to read content from other authors and practice
something from other sites.
Hi excellent website! Does running a blog like this require a great deal of work?
I’ve absolutely no understanding of programming but I had been hoping to start my own blog
in the near future. Anyway, if you have any recommendations or techniques for new blog
owners please share. I know this is off subject nevertheless I simply needed
to ask. Thank you!
Very nice article, exactly what I needed.
I do accept as true with all of the ideas you have offered to your post.
They are really convincing and can definitely work. Still,
the posts are very brief for newbies. Could you please extend them a little from
next time? Thanks for the post.