人生沒有標準答案2
惟雯說故事
二次大戰時,美國軍方委託著名的心理學家桂爾福 (J. P. Guilford)研發一套心理測驗,希望能用這套東西挑選出最優秀的人,來擔任飛行員。
結果很慘,通過這套測試的飛行員,訓練時成績表現也很亮眼,可是一上戰場,三兩下就被擊落,死亡率非常高。
桂爾福在檢討問題時,發現那些戰績輝煌,身經百戰打不死的飛行員,多半是由退役的『老鳥』挑選出來的。他非常納悶,為什麼專業精密的心理測量,卻比不上『老鳥』的直覺呢?其中的問題在哪兒呢?
桂爾福向一個老鳥請教,老鳥說:『是什麼道理,我也說不清。不如你和我一起挑幾個小子看看,如何?』
桂爾福說:『能夠這樣是最好不過了。』
第一個年輕人推門進來,老鳥請他坐下,桂爾福在旁觀察、紀錄。
老鳥問:『小夥子,如果德國人發現你的飛機,高射砲打上來,你怎麼辦?』
菜鳥說:『把飛機飛到更高的高度。』
老鳥問:『你怎麼知道的?』
菜鳥說:『作戰手冊上寫的,這是標準答案啊,對不?』
老鳥說:『正確,是標準答案。恭喜你,你可以走了。』
菜鳥說:『長官,只有一個問題嗎?沒有其他要問的嗎?』
菜鳥說:『你沒有問題,接下來的問題是我們的。』
菜鳥說:『是的,長官!』
第一個菜鳥走出去後,進來第二個菜鳥。他剛一坐下,老鳥問了同樣的問題:『小夥子,如果德國人發現你的飛機,高射砲打上來,你怎麼辦?』
菜鳥說:『呃,找片雲堆,躲進去。』
老鳥說:『是嗎?如果沒有雲呢?』
菜鳥說:『向下俯衝,跟他們拼了!』
老鳥說:『你找死啊?』
菜鳥說:『那搖擺機身呢?』
老鳥說:『是你開飛機還是我開?書,你都沒看?』
菜鳥說:『長官,你說的是作戰手冊嗎?』
老鳥說:『對,難道叫你看《靈犬萊西?』
菜鳥說:『作戰手冊我有看,但太厚,有些記不清。長官,我愛開飛機,我要替美國開飛機。但讀書對我像讀食譜。』
老鳥說:『什麼意思?』
菜鳥說:『我煎蛋、煎牛排都行,我還會幫我老媽烤蘋果派。但要我像食譜那樣做,我就搞不懂了。』
老鳥說:『好,你可以下去了。』
菜鳥說:『長官,我是不是說錯什麼?』
老鳥說:『菜鳥,現在不要問問題。』
等菜鳥走出門,老鳥轉過身來問桂爾福:『教授,如果是你決定,你要挑哪一個?』
桂爾福說:『嗯,我想聽聽你的意見。』
老鳥說:『我會把第一個刷掉,挑第二個。』
桂爾福說:『為什麼?』
老鳥說:『沒錯,第一個答的是標準答案,把飛機的高度拉高,讓敵人的高射炮打不到你。
但是,德國人是笨蛋嗎?我們知道標準答案,他們不知道嗎?
所以德軍一定故意在低的地方打一波,引誘你把飛機拉高,然後他真正的火網就在高處等著你。這樣你不死,誰死?』
桂爾福說:『噢,原來如此。』
老鳥說:『第二個傢伙,雖然有點搞笑。但是,越是不按牌理出牌的小子,他的隨機應變能力反而越好。碰到麻煩,他可以想出不同的方法來解決,方法越多,活命的機會就越大,像我這種真的打過很多仗沒死的,心裡最清楚,戰場上發生的事,作戰手冊都沒有。只有一樣跟書上寫的一樣。』
桂爾福說:『哪一樣?』
老鳥說:『葬禮。只有這樣兒跟書寫的一字不差。作戰都靠背書,那你只能戰死,找不到答案!』
桂爾福經此教訓,重新改造他的測試。新的測試就會問:『如果你有一塊磚頭,請說出50種不同的用途?』
這類激發創意的問題。不但為美國選出真正優秀的飛行員,也因此創造了『創意測試』,成為現代創意活動之父。
人都有惰性,碰到問題,總會用最快、最簡單的方法來解決。最好有個標準答案,是以前人用過就有效的,這樣就不用花腦筋去想。久了成為習慣,就不會去思考新的可能。
現代教育最大的問題,就在『標準答案』。
為了做評量的方便,為了表面的公平,標準答案就是最好的尺,最準的秤。快又簡單,沒什麼討論空間,只有對與錯,一翻兩瞪眼。
如果你相信只有一個標準答案,你不只會停止尋找,在你有了一個標準答案,你就會停止思考。就像兔子睡著了,只要牠不醒來,距離再短,永遠也到不了點。
你知道日本東芝早年起家時,差點經營不善而關門,是什麼救了東芝?是『彩色電風扇』。
當年第一台電風扇,是黑色的。從此,每個公司生產的電風扇也是黑色的。1952年東芝也不例外,照樣生產了一堆黑色的電扇。但銷售很差,競爭不過別家,公司有 7 萬名員工,想不出一個辦法,眼看公司陷入危機。
董事長石阪宣佈:『誰能讓電扇打開銷路,就把公司 10%的股份給他。』
這時候,一個小職員向石阪建議,何不把電扇的外殼改成彩色的呢?
石阪因此開了董事會,大家都說這個建議很荒謬,後來石阪想說死馬當活馬醫,姑且一試。
結果,彩色電扇銷售奇佳,扭轉東芝的命運,東芝從此黑色人生變彩色。電扇改彩色有什麼了不起?
對,因為標準是黑色的,大家就不問青紅皂白,給他黑到底。
停止思考,就會腦筋死。問題他不會光自己死,還會把別人都弄死。我們常說人食古不化,其實古代就有好故事。
三國時,劉備統治蜀漢,酒要專賣,不准民間私釀。
有一天,他出來巡視,發現有個人家有釀酒的器具,便下令把那家人抓起來。
在旁跟隨的簡雍便問劉備為何抓人?
劉備說:『他們有酒具,必有私釀,自然該抓。』
簡雍這時突然叫士兵把路邊一個人抓過來,說這人有罪。
劉備問:『他有何罪?』
簡雍答:『他犯淫罪。』
『怎麼說他犯淫罪,可有證據?』
『有,他有淫具。』
劉備聽了,哈哈一笑,把人全放了。
現實生活上有很多情況現狀,不是用學校教的理論 就可以克服,要學會活用知識的精神 ,知識才能產生力量。
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