人生沒有標準答案2
惟雯說故事
二次大戰時，美國軍方委託著名的心理學家桂爾福 (J. P. Guilford)研發一套心理測驗，希望能用這套東西挑選出最優秀的人，來擔任飛行員。
結果很慘，通過這套測試的飛行員，訓練時成績表現也很亮眼，可是一上戰場，三兩下就被擊落，死亡率非常高。
桂爾福在檢討問題時，發現那些戰績輝煌，身經百戰打不死的飛行員，多半是由退役的『老鳥』挑選出來的。他非常納悶，為什麼專業精密的心理測量，卻比不上『老鳥』的直覺呢？其中的問題在哪兒呢？
桂爾福向一個老鳥請教，老鳥說：『是什麼道理，我也說不清。不如你和我一起挑幾個小子看看，如何？』
桂爾福說：『能夠這樣是最好不過了。』
第一個年輕人推門進來，老鳥請他坐下，桂爾福在旁觀察、紀錄。
老鳥問：『小夥子，如果德國人發現你的飛機，高射砲打上來，你怎麼辦？』
菜鳥說：『把飛機飛到更高的高度。』
老鳥問：『你怎麼知道的？』
菜鳥說：『作戰手冊上寫的，這是標準答案啊，對不？』
老鳥說：『正確，是標準答案。恭喜你，你可以走了。』
菜鳥說：『長官，只有一個問題嗎？沒有其他要問的嗎？』
菜鳥說：『你沒有問題，接下來的問題是我們的。』
菜鳥說：『是的，長官！』
第一個菜鳥走出去後，進來第二個菜鳥。他剛一坐下，老鳥問了同樣的問題：『小夥子，如果德國人發現你的飛機，高射砲打上來，你怎麼辦？』
菜鳥說：『呃，找片雲堆，躲進去。』
老鳥說：『是嗎？如果沒有雲呢？』
菜鳥說：『向下俯衝，跟他們拼了！』
老鳥說：『你找死啊？』
菜鳥說：『那搖擺機身呢？』
老鳥說：『是你開飛機還是我開？書，你都沒看？』
菜鳥說：『長官，你說的是作戰手冊嗎？』
老鳥說：『對，難道叫你看《靈犬萊西？』
菜鳥說：『作戰手冊我有看，但太厚，有些記不清。長官，我愛開飛機，我要替美國開飛機。但讀書對我像讀食譜。』
老鳥說：『什麼意思？』
菜鳥說：『我煎蛋、煎牛排都行，我還會幫我老媽烤蘋果派。但要我像食譜那樣做，我就搞不懂了。』
老鳥說：『好，你可以下去了。』
菜鳥說：『長官，我是不是說錯什麼？』
老鳥說：『菜鳥，現在不要問問題。』
等菜鳥走出門，老鳥轉過身來問桂爾福：『教授，如果是你決定，你要挑哪一個？』
桂爾福說：『嗯，我想聽聽你的意見。』
老鳥說：『我會把第一個刷掉，挑第二個。』
桂爾福說：『為什麼？』
老鳥說：『沒錯，第一個答的是標準答案，把飛機的高度拉高，讓敵人的高射炮打不到你。
但是，德國人是笨蛋嗎？我們知道標準答案，他們不知道嗎？
所以德軍一定故意在低的地方打一波，引誘你把飛機拉高，然後他真正的火網就在高處等著你。這樣你不死，誰死？』
桂爾福說：『噢，原來如此。』
老鳥說：『第二個傢伙，雖然有點搞笑。但是，越是不按牌理出牌的小子，他的隨機應變能力反而越好。碰到麻煩，他可以想出不同的方法來解決，方法越多，活命的機會就越大，像我這種真的打過很多仗沒死的，心裡最清楚，戰場上發生的事，作戰手冊都沒有。只有一樣跟書上寫的一樣。』
桂爾福說：『哪一樣？』
老鳥說：『葬禮。只有這樣兒跟書寫的一字不差。作戰都靠背書，那你只能戰死，找不到答案！』
桂爾福經此教訓，重新改造他的測試。新的測試就會問：『如果你有一塊磚頭，請說出50種不同的用途？』
這類激發創意的問題。不但為美國選出真正優秀的飛行員，也因此創造了『創意測試』，成為現代創意活動之父。
人都有惰性，碰到問題，總會用最快、最簡單的方法來解決。最好有個標準答案，是以前人用過就有效的，這樣就不用花腦筋去想。久了成為習慣，就不會去思考新的可能。
現代教育最大的問題，就在『標準答案』。
為了做評量的方便，為了表面的公平，標準答案就是最好的尺，最準的秤。快又簡單，沒什麼討論空間，只有對與錯，一翻兩瞪眼。
如果你相信只有一個標準答案，你不只會停止尋找，在你有了一個標準答案，你就會停止思考。就像兔子睡著了，只要牠不醒來，距離再短，永遠也到不了點。
你知道日本東芝早年起家時，差點經營不善而關門，是什麼救了東芝？是『彩色電風扇』。
當年第一台電風扇，是黑色的。從此，每個公司生產的電風扇也是黑色的。1952年東芝也不例外，照樣生產了一堆黑色的電扇。但銷售很差，競爭不過別家，公司有 7 萬名員工，想不出一個辦法，眼看公司陷入危機。
董事長石阪宣佈：『誰能讓電扇打開銷路，就把公司 10%的股份給他。』
這時候，一個小職員向石阪建議，何不把電扇的外殼改成彩色的呢？
石阪因此開了董事會，大家都說這個建議很荒謬，後來石阪想說死馬當活馬醫，姑且一試。
結果，彩色電扇銷售奇佳，扭轉東芝的命運，東芝從此黑色人生變彩色。電扇改彩色有什麼了不起？
對，因為標準是黑色的，大家就不問青紅皂白，給他黑到底。
停止思考，就會腦筋死。問題他不會光自己死，還會把別人都弄死。我們常說人食古不化，其實古代就有好故事。
三國時，劉備統治蜀漢，酒要專賣，不准民間私釀。
有一天，他出來巡視，發現有個人家有釀酒的器具，便下令把那家人抓起來。
在旁跟隨的簡雍便問劉備為何抓人？
劉備說：『他們有酒具，必有私釀，自然該抓。』
簡雍這時突然叫士兵把路邊一個人抓過來，說這人有罪。
劉備問：『他有何罪？』
簡雍答：『他犯淫罪。』
『怎麼說他犯淫罪，可有證據？』
『有，他有淫具。』
劉備聽了，哈哈一笑，把人全放了。
現實生活上有很多情況現狀,不是用學校教的理論 就可以克服,要學會活用知識的精神 ,知識才能產生力量。
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