皮膚的告白
楊惟婷
一、皮膚的生理結構
在進行美容保養之前，必先追本溯源，從了解皮膚的組織開始。簡單的說，皮膚的構造可分表皮、真皮和皮下組織三部份。
（一）表皮
表皮就是我們眼睛看得到的部位。它能維持身體必需的體液，並隔絕可能有害的物質，如碰、撞、細菌、紫外線…等。
在表皮的最上層覆蓋著薄薄的脂肪膜，它是由真皮中皮脂腺分泌出來的油分，透過毛壁擴展到皮膚表面的皮脂，和由汗腺排泄出來汗液，在皮膚表面混合乳化而形成一 層『弱酸性』的薄膜。如果分泌適度的話，皮膚就能夠保持生氣盎然，顯得光滑細緻；如果皮脂分泌不足，角質化細胞則容易自皮膚表面脫落，形成乾燥粗糙的肌膚；若分泌過分旺盛，皮膚看起來就是油膩膩的樣子。因為有層膜，才能使表皮角質層的水分不流失，皮膚才得以滋潤。
正常的脂肪膜應保持在5.6～6.5的酸性程度。如果皮膚表面呈現弱酸性，正可抑制皮膚上的細菌、徽菌的繁殖，防止皮膚生病。皮脂分泌少的人，脂肪膜就會不足，這時必須要使用含油脂脂份較高的乳液來彌補，這時就得藉助保養的工夫了。通常女性一過了25歲，皮膚組織開始由顛峰往下走，製造脂肪膜的機能也逐漸衰弱，因此保養更是不可忽視的一項工作。
表皮內的角質層細胞有新陳代謝的作用，約隔28天脫落一次，其中表皮和真皮之間有一層波浪形的圓柱，圓柱核心含有一整排的黑素（茶色色素）細胞，且排列整齊。這細胞層稱為『基層底』。這些細胞會漸漸改變形狀，並逐漸角化，堆在表皮上。最後它們會變成沒有核心的薄片狀，且又硬又薄的細胞（角質細胞），彼此重疊，形成皮膚最外一層。這角質細胞從表面一片一片剝落，使皮膚不斷新陳代謝而有新細胞。這種現象叫做「角化」。角化順利，皮膚新陳代謝良好，皮膚自然光滑亮麗；萬一角化不順利（這現象稱做角化異常），皮膚表面乾燥又粗糙，時而掉落許多鱗狀薄片（像魚鱗般白色皮膚薄片）。
另外，在表皮的基底細胞之間，有黑素細胞（色素形成細胞），它們是決定膚色的重要細胞。它們呈星形狀且有長長的突起，突起處把黑色色素注入基底細胞中。膚色是白、是黑，由黑色色素的量或顏色深淺決定。
（二）真皮
表皮下面厚厚一層的即是“真皮”，是皮膚原本狀態，故稱做“真皮”。它的厚度是表皮的數倍，皮膚的張力、彈性及厚度全是由真皮來決定。真皮上有許多血管，且併排二種纖維。一種是決定皮膚彈性的彈性纖維，另外一種是膠原蛋白纖維，它們一束長長的且併排在一起。
真皮的突出部分叫毛乳頭，包括毛細血管、淋巴管、神經最後部份。真皮的毛細血管不僅負責皮膚的營養，並將皮膚的廢物排出體外。
皮膚之所以透著紅色光，是由於血管的顏色襯托出來的，一平方公分的皮膚大約分佈著四呎長的血管。
真皮內又含毛囊、皮脂腺、汗線。倘若這些機能一衰退，皮膚就會呈現老化現象；如果彈力纖維萎縮，細小皺紋就會增加。
受傷後皮膚的更生力也是存在於真皮層。燒傷到此層，皮膚並不致留下難看的傷痕；然而，若真皮全部破壞並傷到皮下組織，則會留下永難褪除的疤痕。
另外，當真皮上水分充足時，皮膚就會顯得浮腫難看。真皮上層的水分多寡由全身健康情形而定，皮膚的張力也受身體健康的影響。
至於皮膚的「滋潤」就不是由真皮水分多寡來決定，而是由表皮角質層的水分量來決定。
（三）皮下組織
皮下組織為皮膚的最下層，含豐富的皮下脂肪。全身皮膚含的脂肪量各不相同，其中以眼圈的含量最少，最易鬆弛、老化。例如：在熬夜、過度疲勞或生病的時候，常會感覺「眼睛塌陷」，這是由於眼睛四周的脂肪本來就少，加上身體狀況不佳，脂肪全部耗光的緣故。
但是，如果攝取過多的糖分就會在體內轉換成脂肪，貯存在皮下組織中。所以吃太多甜食會發胖，原因就在這裏。皮下脂肪組織在美容上的問題只是影響皮膚曲線的美醜，和化妝品使用後所產生的種種問題並無關連。如果妳不 想發胖，少吃甜食為妙；同時，糖分會促進皮脂分泌旺盛，易生青春痘，為使自己美眉，就儘量少碰甜食。
二、皮膚的生理功能
一般而言，皮膚具有以下七種功能：
（一）呼吸作用：
從皮膚表面經常散發水氣（肉眼看不見的汗），同時，向真皮輸送氧氣，以促進真皮的功能。
（二）分泌作用：
皮脂腺和汗腺的分泌物可以滋潤皮膚，使皮膚保持健美。但如果皮脂分泌不正常，皮膚也不正常。分泌過多，皮膚呈油性；分泌過少，皮膚就會粗糙。另外，由於激素的作用，有時還會出現粉刺和疙瘩。
（三）吸收作用：
通過毛孔、汗腺以及個人皮膚充分吸收（浸透）溶於脂肪的物質。因而可以有效的浸透化妝品的營養成分。
（四）保護作用：
真皮及皮下組織可以緩衝來自外部的打擊和刺激，同時，可以保護身體不受細菌和強烈陽光等的侵害。
（五）感覺作用：
依靠佈滿皮膚神經纖維，可以產生觸覺、冷熱覺、痛覺等。
（六）調節體溫作用：
要維持身體健康，就要把多餘的熱量散發到體外，這主要靠皮膚來完成。溫度高時，皮膚鬆弛，熱量容易散發；寒冷時，皮膚收縮，可減少散熱。
（七）表現作用：
喜怒哀樂之情，常可以反映在皮膚上，驚恐時蒼白、發怒時漲紅、煩躁時皮膚變得粗糙。
三、留意皮膚釋出的警訊
皮膚是人體最大的器官，當我們身體內部出現問題時，通常會有明顯的警訊出現在皮膚上，皮膚上細微的改變可能透露內臟疾病正默默侵襲著人體，皮膚可以說是疾病的警報區，從頭到腳的皮膚，都可以看出健康的問題。
例如膚色突然異常（包括痣的顏色改變），或長出丘疹、斑塊等，如嘴唇、口腔黏膜出現黑點；胸與背部出現很多咖啡色或棕黑色斑塊；不論兒童或成人，頸部、腋下、鼠蹊部等皮膚皺摺處，如果出現黑色大片斑塊。若持續一段時間，甚至三個月以上，這時，皮膚釋出的可能警訊：
1、肥胖者，很可能是「黑色棘皮症」，默默預告未來得糖尿病的高風險；尤其是五十～七十歲的人，就要注意腸胃是否有息肉病變，甚至癌症。這是因為身體分泌過多的胰島素，刺激局部皮膚的黑色素沉積而造成。
2、另外，黑色棘皮症如果出現在手掌、口腔黏膜，有可能是胃癌、肺癌等引起的表現。
3、但有些藥物也會引起黑色棘皮症，建議要找專科醫師進一步檢查確認。此時，要到醫院做檢查，不能輕忽。
又如，皮膚會發癢。
每個人偶而都會覺得皮膚癢，抓一抓就沒事了，但如果長期發癢就要留意了。北市立聯合醫院家醫科醫師顏正中提到，若長期全身發癢，要小心是否有肝腎功能異常，少數久病不癒的癢，也可能與甲狀腺、自體免疫問題甚至淋巴癌有關。身體其他器官病變，也可以導致皮膚出現癢感，如B、C型肝炎、愛滋病患者以及缺鐵性貧血的人。長期皮膚癢一定要找出原因，生活習慣、職業、藥物史、過敏史、病史都要仔細檢視、對症下藥，千萬不可輕忽。
又如，黃疸。
凡肝功能不好者，會讓身體累積超標的「膽紅素」，過多的膽紅素會進一步讓皮膚和眼白泛黃，我們稱作「黃疸」。而且黃疸患者的皮膚特別容易搔癢，尿液顏色也容易變成紅棕色（或茶色）。
又如，身上有不明的黑痣。
一般的痣是良性的，大多長到一定程度就會停止，0.6公分以下的痣，觀察即可。但病灶若不斷長大超過0.6公分，伴隨形狀不規則、突出，加上破皮、出血、傷口難癒合，可能就是皮膚癌的症狀，建議到皮膚科就醫。其中，「黑色素細胞癌」常出現在手腳或指甲下方，因為極易轉移、惡性程度大、致死率較高，只能藉由早期發現早期治療來提升治癒率。
又如，身上出現蜘蛛痣。
肝硬化病人每三人就有一人，身上有蜘蛛痣；酒精引起的肝硬化，更是每兩人就有一人有蜘蛛痣。
不過，健康的人，例如孕婦、服用避孕藥的婦女、或青春期的孩子，可能因為體內荷爾蒙變化，有時也會短暫出現蜘蛛痣。
總之，只耍多關照身體的變化，必要時尋求醫師診治，但請別恐慌。
微信 
留言列表（703条）
Very good article. I will be facing some of these issues as well..
Write more, thats all I have to say. Literally, it seems as though you relied on the video to make your point. You obviously know what youre talking about, why waste your intelligence on just posting videos to your blog when you could be giving us something enlightening to read?
Thank you for every other informative blog. Where else could I get that kind of information written in such an ideal manner? I’ve a undertaking that I am simply now running on, and I’ve been at the look out for such information.
Thanks for these pointers. One thing I additionally believe is that often credit cards featuring a 0 interest often attract consumers with zero rate of interest, instant acceptance and easy on-line balance transfers, nevertheless beware of the top factor that will certainly void the 0 easy road annual percentage rate plus throw one out into the very poor house fast.
Good post. I learn something totally new and challenging on websites I stumbleupon everyday. It’s always helpful to read content from other authors and use a little something from their sites.
Thanks a lot for sharing this with all of us you actually know what you are talking about! Bookmarked. Please also visit my website =). We could have a link exchange contract between us!
I believe that avoiding processed foods will be the first step to be able to lose weight. They may taste fine, but highly processed foods have very little nutritional value, making you try to eat more to have enough power to get throughout the day. If you’re constantly having these foods, transferring to whole grain products and other complex carbohydrates will make you to have more electricity while eating less. Good blog post.
I could not refrain from commenting. Exceptionally well written.
Valuable information. Lucky me I found your site by accident, and I am shocked why this accident didn’t happened earlier! I bookmarked it.
I really appreciate this post. I have been looking all over for this! Thank goodness I found it on Bing. You’ve made my day! Thanks again
It?s really a nice and helpful piece of info. I am satisfied that you shared this helpful information with us. Please stay us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.
Thanks for another magnificent post. Where else could anybody get that kind of information in such an ideal way of writing? I have a presentation next week, and I’m on the look for such information.
Next time I read a blog, Hopefully it doesn’t fail me just as much as this particular one. After all, Yes, it was my choice to read through, but I genuinely thought you’d have something interesting to say. All I hear is a bunch of moaning about something you could fix if you were not too busy searching for attention.
Hey, you used to write fantastic, but the last several posts have been kinda boring? I miss your super writings. Past several posts are just a bit out of track! come on!
Undeniably believe that which you stated. Your favorite justification appeared to be on the internet the easiest thing to be aware of. I say to you, I definitely get annoyed while people consider worries that they plainly don’t know about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top and also defined out the whole thing without having side-effects , people could take a signal. Will probably be back to get more. Thanks
I’ve been browsing online more than three hours today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours. It is pretty worth enough for me. In my opinion, if all webmasters and bloggers made good content as you did, the net will be much more useful than ever before.
I would like to thank you for the efforts you’ve put in penning this website. I really hope to see the same high-grade blog posts from you in the future as well. In fact, your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my very own site now 😉
Spot on with this write-up, I actually suppose this website needs way more consideration. I?ll probably be again to learn much more, thanks for that info.
I can’t believe how amazing this article is! The author has done a fantastic job of conveying the information in an engaging and informative manner. I can’t thank her enough for offering such precious insights that have definitely enhanced my awareness in this topic. Hats off to her for crafting such a work of art!
Thanks for your personal marvelous posting! I certainly enjoyed reading it, you happen to be a great author.I will make sure to bookmark your blog and may come back sometime soon. I want to encourage you to definitely continue your great writing, have a nice evening!
I was just searching for this information for a while. After six hours of continuous Googleing, at last I got it in your site. I wonder what is the lack of Google strategy that don’t rank this kind of informative web sites in top of the list. Generally the top sites are full of garbage.
Greetings! Quick question that’s completely off topic. Do you know how to make your site mobile friendly? My web site looks weird when browsing from my iphone. I’m trying to find a theme or plugin that might be able to resolve this problem. If you have any recommendations, please share. With thanks!
Hello just wanted to give you a quick heads up. The text in your content seem to be running off the screen in Ie. I’m not sure if this is a format issue or something to do with browser compatibility but I figured I’d post to let you know. The design look great though! Hope you get the issue fixed soon. Cheers
One thing I would like to say is the fact that car insurance cancellation is a feared experience and if you’re doing the appropriate things as being a driver you simply won’t get one. Many people do obtain notice that they’ve been officially dumped by their particular insurance company they have to scramble to get added insurance following a cancellation. Low cost auto insurance rates are frequently hard to get after having a cancellation. Understanding the main reasons with regard to auto insurance termination can help owners prevent losing one of the most important privileges out there. Thanks for the tips shared by your blog.
You are so interesting! I do not think I have read through something like this before. So great to discover someone with some genuine thoughts on this subject matter. Really.. thanks for starting this up. This site is something that’s needed on the internet, someone with some originality.
you are really a good webmaster. The site loading speed is amazing. It seems that you are doing any unique trick. Furthermore, The contents are masterwork. you have done a magnificent job on this topic!
Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an extremely long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyhow, just wanted to say superb blog!
Have you ever considered writing an e-book or guest authoring on other blogs? I have a blog centered on the same topics you discuss and would love to have you share some stories/information. I know my viewers would appreciate your work. If you’re even remotely interested, feel free to send me an email.
You’re so interesting! I do not think I’ve truly read something like this before. So nice to discover another person with some original thoughts on this subject. Really.. many thanks for starting this up. This website is something that is required on the internet, someone with some originality.
hello there and thanks in your info ? I have certainly picked up something new from proper here. I did alternatively experience some technical points using this site, since I experienced to reload the site many occasions prior to I may just get it to load correctly. I had been considering if your web hosting is OK? No longer that I am complaining, but sluggish loading cases occasions will very frequently impact your placement in google and could injury your quality score if ads and ***********|advertising|advertising|advertising and *********** with Adwords. Anyway I am adding this RSS to my email and could look out for a lot more of your respective exciting content. Ensure that you replace this once more soon..
It’s a shame you don’t have a donate button! I’d most certainly donate to this outstanding blog! I suppose for now i’ll settle for bookmarking and adding your RSS feed to my Google account. I look forward to brand new updates and will talk about this blog with my Facebook group. Talk soon!
I’ve been browsing on-line greater than 3 hours today, but I by no means discovered any interesting article like yours. It is beautiful worth enough for me. In my view, if all web owners and bloggers made just right content as you did, the internet will likely be a lot more helpful than ever before.
I beloved as much as you’ll receive performed proper here. The sketch is attractive, your authored material stylish. however, you command get bought an shakiness over that you would like be handing over the following. sick certainly come more formerly again as precisely the similar nearly a lot steadily inside of case you defend this increase.
Valuable info. Lucky me I found your site by accident, and I’m shocked why this accident didn’t happened earlier! I bookmarked it.
One more thing. It’s my opinion that there are quite a few travel insurance web-sites of trustworthy companies that allow you enter your journey details and acquire you the prices. You can also purchase this international travel cover policy online by using your credit card. All you need to do is to enter all your travel information and you can start to see the plans side-by-side. You only need to find the plan that suits your finances and needs and then use your bank credit card to buy that. Travel insurance on the internet is a good way to begin looking for a respectable company to get international holiday insurance. Thanks for expressing your ideas.
Thanks for the concepts you reveal through this blog. In addition, a lot of young women exactly who become pregnant never even seek to get medical insurance because they have anxiety they wouldn’t qualify. Although a few states now require that insurers supply coverage in spite of the pre-existing conditions. Costs on these kinds of guaranteed plans are usually higher, but when with the high cost of health care it may be a new safer approach to take to protect a person’s financial future.
Way cool! Some very valid points! I appreciate you penning this article and the rest of the site is also really good.
Amazing! This blog looks exactly like my old one! It’s on a totally different topic but it has pretty much the same layout and design. Wonderful choice of colors!
Outstanding post but I was wondering if you could write a litte more on this topic? I’d be very grateful if you could elaborate a little bit more. Appreciate it!
Very nice write-up. I absolutely love this site. Keep writing!
Thanks for sharing your ideas. I might also like to express that video games have been ever before evolving. Today’s technology and innovative developments have made it simpler to create authentic and enjoyable games. All these entertainment games were not actually sensible when the real concept was first of all being attempted. Just like other designs of electronics, video games as well have had to advance by way of many years. This itself is testimony towards the fast development of video games.
Many thanks for this article. I would also like to talk about the fact that it can end up being hard when you are in school and just starting out to establish a long credit ranking. There are many students who are simply just trying to pull through and have a protracted or positive credit history can often be a difficult factor to have.
Having read this I thought it was rather informative. I appreciate you taking the time and effort to put this information together. I once again find myself spending a significant amount of time both reading and leaving comments. But so what, it was still worth it.
very good publish, i actually love this website, keep on it
I do love the manner in which you have framed this concern plus it does indeed give me personally some fodder for consideration. Nonetheless, because of what I have observed, I only trust when the actual opinions pile on that individuals stay on point and not embark upon a soap box involving some other news du jour. Anyway, thank you for this superb point and though I can not necessarily go along with this in totality, I respect the viewpoint.
I just couldn’t go away your website before suggesting that I extremely loved the standard information an individual provide to your guests? Is gonna be again regularly to check up on new posts
I should say also believe that mesothelioma cancer is a scarce form of cancers that is commonly found in all those previously exposed to asbestos. Cancerous cells form inside the mesothelium, which is a safety lining which covers most of the body’s organs. These cells commonly form while in the lining with the lungs, stomach, or the sac which actually encircles the heart. Thanks for sharing your ideas.
A motivating discussion is definitely worth comment. I think that you ought to publish more about this issue, it might not be a taboo subject but generally people don’t speak about these topics. To the next! All the best!
Good post. I learn something new and challenging on sites I stumbleupon every day. It’s always helpful to read through articles from other authors and use a little something from their sites.
you are really a excellent webmaster. The web site loading speed is incredible. It seems that you’re doing any unique trick. Moreover, The contents are masterwork. you have done a magnificent job in this matter!