美國陰謀論之王QAnon
2home.co 楊惟雯
究竟QAnon(匿名者Q)是什麼？為何有這麼多人前仆後繼地成為QAnon的支持者呢？
對美國前總統川普來說，QAnon的支持者「是一群愛國的人」；然而，對美國聯邦調查局而言，他們是破壞社會穩定的潛在威脅。
一、QAnon(匿名者Q)究竟是什麼呢？
QAnon(匿名者Q)這群人是一系列陰謀論的支持者，這些陰謀論從2017年開始在網路上發酵。
2017年10月，一名使用者在網路論壇4chan貼出了一系列陰謀論，這名使用
當時，Q聲稱落選的美國民主黨總統候選人希拉蕊.柯林頓(Hillary Clinton)很快就會被抓去關，因為她是華府菁英虐童網絡的成員。
匿名者自稱是Q，是一名擁有最高安全許可的政府人士，他的發文方式通常會在文章裡藏了許多陰謀論線索，談論美國「真正的秘密」，以及「救世主」川普會如何對抗「深層國家」的邪惡分子。
匿名者Q往往趁著疫情、社會不穩的時候再次回到鎂光燈下。
例如當美國前總統川普(Donald Trump)確診COVID-19時，有一群人特別振奮，因為他們深信「風暴」(The Storm)將至，川普將一舉揭發COVID-19是假的，並且打擊潛藏在美國菁英中的虐童網絡，揪出在暗處操縱世界局勢的「深層國家」(deep state)探員。
QAnon自稱深知美國的秘密，而Q的一系列陰謀論像滾雪球一樣越滾越大，有越來越多的網友成為Q的支持者，這些網友也為陰謀論加油添醋，發展出更多陰謀論出來。
對於這些網友來說，尋找Q的文章裡的陰謀論線索給了他們解密、尋寶的樂趣，Q提出的一系列陰謀論也被稱為QAnon，意為「匿名者Q」。
二、美國菁英虐童網絡v.s救世主川普
深入探究QAnon的主張，它其實集結了各式各樣沒有根據的陰謀論，支持者們相信這個世界由膜拜惡魔的民主黨人士、好萊塢名人和億萬富翁所操控，這群菁英有戀童癖，還會從事人口販賣，並且透過喝受虐孩童的血來回春。
對QAnon支持者來說，希拉蕊.柯林頓、美國前總統歐巴馬、金融大亨索羅斯、微軟創辦人比爾蓋茲、好萊塢演員湯姆漢克斯、知名電視節目主持人歐普拉、羅馬天主教宗方濟各都是這個虐童菁英圈的一員。
對QAnon支持者來說，美國前總統川普是美國的救世主，他將發起一場祕密戰爭，打擊潛藏在美國菁英中的虐童網絡。
如果要停止這一切，唯有仰賴「救世主」川普對他們發動秘密戰爭，將這些犯人送到位於古巴的關達那摩灣監獄。
在QAnon支持者的社群媒體貼文中，他們時常使用「救救孩子」(SaveTheChildren)這個標籤；口號則常常縮寫成「WWG1WGA」(Where we go one we go all)，意為「你不是一個人在戰鬥」。
三、QAnon可以駕馭任何口味
專門研究極端主義的倫敦戰略對話研究所(Institute of Strategic Dialogue)研究員古爾(Jakob Guhl)形容道：「QAnon就像豆腐，它可以駕馭任何口味，端看你加了什麼樣的成分。」
換句話說，QAnon能將從右翼主義、反猶主義等衍伸出來的陰謀論整合在一起，這也是為什麼Q的一系列陰謀論能在網路上瘋傳，並且從美國一路流行到歐洲和拉丁美洲。
例如2020年8月，在德國柏林柏蘭登堡前一場由右翼分子舉辦的活動上，可以看到象徵QAnon支持者的Q字型看板。
德國網路專家羅伯(Sascha Lobo)表示，QAnon這種沒有被定型的特性，「讓它成了現今網路上最成功也最危險的陰謀論」。羅伯提到，支持者們自己就可以據此發展出一套理論──不管這套理論有多荒謬或牽強。
正因如此，雖然QAnon的論述毫無根據，但依舊吸引了大批的支持者。
根據《衛報》的統計，QAnon的活躍支持者大約有10萬人，網路上也出現完整的QAnon生態系，網友們可以找到大量的QAnon影片、迷因、電子書、聊天室等，一旦深陷其中就難以自拔。
以下例舉最多人相信的QAnon陰謀論：
1、「莎士比亞這個人不存在！」
QAnon陰謀論：無人不知的戲劇家莎士比亞 (William Shakespeare) 真的不存在！除了這一點之外，也有許多人認為，他不是來自貴族家庭、沒有接受過很好的教育，這些作品真的全都是他寫的嗎？
在電影《莎士比亞的秘密》中，莎士比亞只是一名普通的演員，他把所有愛德華·德·維爾 (Edward de Vere) 的作品都紀錄下來，有許多人深信這個說法，這個傳言已經盛傳了100多年。
2、希特勒在1984年才去世？
歷史資料都認為，希特勒在1945年4月30日服毒並開槍自殺，他的遺體被發現並經過鑑定了。
可是QAnon陰謀論：指出希特勒逃到了阿根廷。有相關傳言指出，希特勒逃到阿根廷後，改名為Adolf Leipzig，並跟黑人女性Cutinga在一起，最後在1984年才去世。
3、沙皇彼得大帝在大出使後被秘密地取代了？
QAnon陰謀論：指出從歐洲歸國的人並不是真正的彼得大帝。他開始剃鬍子，進口外國服裝和煙草，民眾都擔心俄羅斯會被「歐洲化」。
此外，民眾也覺得他變得更老、更高了，還突然把所有的親屬送到了一個修道院。(為了不被人發現他是假貨？)
QAnon陰謀論者還指出，彼得大帝從此沒有再遵從任何俄羅斯傳統，還忘記了俄羅斯語怎麼寫。並認為真正的沙皇很可能被俘虜了。也有陰謀論者認為，他是法國路易14當政期間的神秘囚犯「鐵面人」。
4、吉姆·莫里森 (Jim Morrison) 假裝自己死了，然後去了塞席爾？
歌手吉姆莫里森因心臟衰竭於1971年去世，可是由於唯一一個看到他屍體的人是他的妻子潘蜜拉·克森 (Pamela Courson)，於是QAnon陰謀論指他還活著，並去了塞席爾。
5、現在的艾薇兒是假的？
QAnon陰謀論者還指出，艾薇兒其實早在2003年便自殺過世，現在站在大眾眼前的是替身梅莉莎 (Melissa)。
陰謀論者表示，她的爺爺在2003年過世，她因為太難過而選擇了輕生。網友還比對了她出道跟現在的照片，認為有很大的不同。
QAnon陰謀論者還同場加映：基努李維其實已經活了很久，他的真正身份就是19世紀的法國演員保羅穆內 (Paul Mounet)！
不過這只是開玩笑的啦，因為有網友覺得兩人實在太像了～
四、可從線上聲量到動員線下，「制裁」敵人
然而，QAnon最令人擔憂的地方不在網路上的聲量，而在QAnon支持者的動員能力。
他們除了出現在反對防疫封鎖令的抗議現場，極端的QAnon支持者還會採取行動「制裁」敵人──在網路和現實生活中騷擾他們認為隸屬虐童菁英圈的政治人物、名人和記者，並威脅要傷害他們的人身安全等。因此，美國聯邦調查局將QAnon列為發動國內恐怖主義的潛在威脅。
但對美國前總統川普而言，QAnon的支持者只不過是一群愛國的人。
對於QAnon支持者採取的極端行動和理論，美國前總統川普並沒有加以譴責，相反的，他曾在白宮記者會上稱讚QAnon支持者是一群愛國分子，他也往QAnon支持者給他的「救世主」形象靠攏。
川普說：「如果我可以拯救世界，我很願意這麼做，我很願意站出來。事實上，我們正在拯救世界，讓世界免於受到激進左翼哲學的影響，這種哲學會摧毀這個國家，當這個國家滅亡，全世界會跟著滅亡。」
五、Facebook、Twitter加大力道打擊QAnon
隨著QAnon內容在社群網路上瘋傳，Facebook加大打擊QAnon內容的幅度。
Facebook表示，雖然有些關於QAnon的貼文並沒有直接推廣暴力，但無可避免地和「現實世界中不同形式的傷害」有所連結。
反對QAnon的民眾表示，例如QAnon支持者頻頻使用「救救孩子」這個標籤，讓真的有需要搜尋兒福資源的使用者沒有辦法搜尋到真的有幫助的資訊，因此Facebook表示，他們除了把成千上萬個跟QAnon有關的帳號給禁掉外，他們也會想辦法把使用者導到具可信度的兒福資源連結。
在Twitter方面，Twitter已經開始停止推薦與QAnon有關的內容和帳號，總計將影響15萬個帳號。此外，Twitter也會阻擋QAnon的URLs，並且禁掉違反社群規則的QAnon帳號。
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