腸道的心聲
楊惟婷整理
近年來，臺灣人的生活習慣有很大的改變，西化的速食連鎖進駐，人們都愛吃油炸的食物。而且平時都很忙碌，就少運動，可能也沒有多喝水的習慣，所以這幾年來，聽到我們大腸罹患癌症的例子是越來越多，非常恐怖。
大腸的長度大約一公尺，可長可短，非常有彈性。飲食之後，大腸就會快速反應，排空內容物以便容納新的廢棄的食後垃圾。所以，每個人每天都要養成良好的排便習慣，以維持大腸暢通無阻。
我們必須學會尊重自己體內「大腸」這個了不起的器官，善待它，才能避免大腸疾病的發生了。所以，以下我們建議對大腸的保養方式﹕
一、少油、少肉，避免息肉轉癌化
「大腸」有一大串的小兄弟「小腸」，小腸有五、六公尺長，年輕有活力。
「大腸」的直徑寬約三至五公分，「小腸」比較細，直徑寬約一公分 。「小腸」每天很認真地工作，會壓、磨、揉、搓、切，什麼功夫都會。食物從胃送下來以後，「小腸」就開始把它們由大變小，由小變細、弄碎，吸取其中的營養，包括蛋白質、醣類、脂肪、無機鹽、維他命等等，還有一些微量金屬。
「小腸」們還有很多「衛星工廠」，有的負責存放，有的負責代謝。當然它存放以後，什麼部位需要什麼營養、或什麼物質，全由它分配。
而「大腸」只要身體吃進東西，立刻藉著胃反射，帶動「大腸」很勤快蠕動，所以人體很快有感覺要上廁所，這是帶動反射，因「大腸」要負責「清空存貨」，運好準備儲存新的「貨物」，負責存放小腸處理後的廢棄物，「大腸」還有一個重要的功能──吸收水分。如果「大腸」沒有吸收水分的功能，一個人一天要拉出四、五千西西的水，每天就要補充很多水分才夠。
「大腸」有又厚又韌的腸壁，但是我也需要營養。「大腸」最害怕的是肉類脂肪，特別是「含高油脂的肉類」，因為這些食物到了小腸以後，動作變得慢吞吞地，連帶著，大腸想動也動不了。
腸子不動是非常麻煩的事，因為腸子雖然都不動，但腸子吸收水份的功能還是很好，不會中斷，不會停止。所以大腸裡的排泄物就變得越來越硬，液狀的貨物結果變成像石塊般硬，搬運好費力，大腸也可能無力搬動它了，這一來就會變成「便秘」了。
身長一公尺的大腸，身上也會有一個一個小倉庫，叫作「憩室」。有的憩室是先天的，有的是因為我壓力太大、緊張，為了消除緊張，腸壁就向外膨出造成憩室。
還有，如果存在大腸這兒的廢物變得很硬的時候，比較硬的廢物也會變大，相對地，大腸可沒有力氣把這些大石頭給搬出去。這些沒有搬走的石塊，就成了很大的負擔，可能戳傷大腸腸壁的皮，而且小腸分解完食物後，送下來的廢物，可能存有很多毒素、很多細菌，時間一久，大腸的皮就壞掉，也失去功能，好像雞皮疙瘩，一塊一塊的，這是所謂的「息肉」。這些疙瘩一個一個跑出來以後，有的時候會長大，會變成壞的癌細胞。
二、多吃高纖維蔬菜水果、多喝水
多吃高纖維蔬菜水果、多喝水「大腸」最健康。因為纖維跟水在一起，就會膨脹起來，當膨脹的體積夠大了，「大腸」就知道要把廢物排空。
如果身體太少攝取纖維質、水分，「大腸」這兒的糞便太多太大，「大腸」搬不動、排不動之後，就形成醫生們說的「機械性腸阻塞」〈Mechanical ileus〉。
腸子前端可能會腫大起來，壓力也越來越大，「大腸」也會受不了，最後「大腸」會爆炸、腸子穿孔，對身體是很危險的。
而且，「大腸」的營養是來自血管，「大腸」的腸壁周圍都有很豐富的血管。如果血管不暢通，「大腸」的外表就會受到傷害，就會出血。這就是所謂「缺血性結腸炎」〈Ischemic colitis〉。粘膜表面是很嬌嫩、脆弱，最容易因缺氧，缺血出血。
三、多運動
每天日行萬步是一種很好的運動，每天以一分鐘一百步的速度，走一百分鐘，讓它成為生活習慣。
四、切勿亂服藥
「大腸」有的時候也會發炎，有種種原因可能引起發炎，特別是有些人喜服用抗生素時，而抗生素可能會讓「大腸」拉肚子，或引起「結腸發炎」，甚至害「大腸」的表皮爛掉、鼓脹起來，形成偽膜，這是很嚴重的。
長期吃抗生素，就要小心有特別的細菌會跑出來，這些細菌就是偽膜性結腸炎發生的重要原因。已知大約百分之二至三的人身上有這些細菌，現在越來越多，尤其在長期療養院的住客可能多到百分之二十至三十，醫院住院的病人也多到百分之三十，這是所謂的困難腸梭菌〈Clostridium difficile〉，這也是未來院內感染管制非常重要的課題。
有時，人吃了壞東西，「大腸」受不了，就要很快排出去。這時，腹瀉是因為食物中有毒素，需要儘快把毒素排掉；所以不必立刻吃「止瀉藥」來解決問題。
例如偽膜性結腸炎，就是標準的梭菌引起的發炎，你一旦吃抗痙攣、抗蠕動的藥，結果呢？就發生一個問題，這些壞東西跟「大腸」相處的時間越來越長，反而不好，所以有這種屬於刺激性的毒素、細菌存在時，最好是不要馬上吃止瀉藥，毒素反而排不出去。
五、胰臟發炎，致腸道不動
還有一項令大腸最害怕的刺激──來自胰臟。
胰臟發炎的時候，會分泌胰臟酵素，胰臟酵素會溶解腸道；如果大腸亂動，這酵素就會亂跑亂竄，影響就會很大，所以大腸懂得犧牲小我不影響大局，發揮防火牆的功能，把它隔開。
可是如果遇到「腹膜炎」這樣的大災難，大腸也沒辦法，大腸分不清楚那裡是真正的病變，這時候大腸只能消極地罷工處理，整個腸子不蠕動，這是所謂的「麻痺性阻塞」，唯有這樣能保護大腸、也保護整體。
六，少用牙籤、少吃止痛消炎藥，避免危機
很多人習慣用牙籤，但是小腸和大腸都很害怕牙籤。牙籤一不小心咬斷了，掉到食道，沒問題；掉到胃，沒問題；掉到小腸呢？那小腸會被這些尖尖的牙籤傷害，甚至被牙籤刺破。
還有一些很硬的藥物也可能傷害到大腸。特別是止痛消炎藥〈NSAID〉，品質差的消炎藥「崩解率」很差，意思是說不容易溶解、也不容易吸收，從食道滾啊滾到大腸來，在滾的過程，藥的外表有一部分已經破掉，帶著很強的腐蝕性，NSAID 的成分都是鹽酸，大腸的內皮被灼傷、潰爛。NSAID 引起的腸壁的問題，是最近十年非常嚴重的事實，會引起出血，醫生用內視鏡檢查可以看的到藥就留在那位置上。
總之，平日仍需靠有正常的飲食，有適量的纖維，有正常的運動，有足夠的水分，而且少吃油，少吃肉，四個有，兩個不，是保護大腸最好的方法。
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