鯰魚效應
楊惟雯
一、“鯰魚效應”的由來
挪威人在海上捕得沙丁魚後，如果能讓他活著抵港，賣價就會比死魚高好幾倍。但總是只有一隻漁船能成功地帶活魚回港。
該船長一直嚴守成功秘密，直到他死後，人們才打開他的魚槽，發現只不過是多了一條鯰魚。
原來當鯰魚裝入魚槽後，由於環境陌生，就會四處遊動，而沙丁魚發現這一異已分子後，也會緊張起來，加速遊動，如此一來，沙丁魚便活著回到港口。這就是所謂的“鯰魚效應”。
二、生於憂患、死於安樂
縱觀古今，“生於憂患”的例子舉不勝舉：越王臥薪嘗膽，最終“三千越甲可吞吳”；朱元璋飽受窮苦，領導起義，從而登上皇位；貝多芬雙耳失聰，卻身殘志堅，為世人留下不朽的名作……以上種種，皆有一個共同的特點：成功者都是從逆境中磨練出來的，他們都有豐富的經驗與不懈的追求。
當然，也不乏死於安樂的犧牲者：隋煬帝花天酒地，沉迷於美色，使得李淵起兵造反，推翻隋朝；清政府閉關鎖國，“自給自足”，導致八國聯軍的野蠻入侵。….以上等等，失敗者不僅僅悔之晚矣，且造成無法彌補的損失。
“生於憂患，死於安樂”看似簡單，實則引人反省的人生哲理。
牛頓發明地心吸力學說的時候，全世界人反對他；
哈維(Harvey)發明血液循環學說的時候，全世界人反對他；
達爾文宣佈進化論的時候，全世界人反對他；
貝爾(Bell)第一次造電話的時候，全世界人譏笑他；
萊特(Wrigt)初用苦工於製造飛機的時候，全世界人譏笑他。
只有樂觀主義，才能使人戰勝全世界的糊塗、盲從、冷酷、恐怖、怨恨和反抗。而且工作愈偉大，所受的反抗也愈厲害……
對付這種壓为，最重要的武器就是樂觀主義。一個人，缺少樂觀主義精神，難免在各種惡魔面前敗下陣來。
逆境不但能夠使人墮落，也能使人發奮；順境則如蜜糖，不僅僅能甜倒你，也能夠將你粘住，永無翻身之地。
天堂往往也是地獄，“如果你愛他，送他去紐約，正因那是天堂，如果你恨他，送他去紐約，正因那是地獄。”同樣的，如果你想成功，逆境適合你，如果你要失敗，逆境也適合你。
三、生存競爭可激發生命力
哀，莫大於心死。
任何組織皆有生、老、病、死的生命週期。而好的領導人必須妥善運用人資策略，延緩組織老化的速度，甚至產生回春的機制。
運用“鯰魚效應”，企業的人力資源管理中，可藉由“空降介入”，對群體起到競爭作用，它符合人才管理的運行機制。
目前，一些企業招募人才時，實行的公開招考和競爭上崗，就是很好的典型。這種方法能夠激勵現有員工產生危機感，從而更好地工作，形成向上良性循環。
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