阿爾迪的商業模式
楊惟雯
今天介紹一家全球一流的超市巨頭——德國超市阿爾迪（ALDI）。
2016年，全球超市巨頭沃爾瑪迎來35年來最差業績，全球關店269家，裁員1.6萬。但是阿爾迪卻勢頭良好，最近的目標是每年在美國新開100家分店。
阿爾迪曾在德國市場與沃爾瑪正面對決，在阿爾迪極致低價和強大的品牌忠誠度的壓力下，沃爾瑪毫無招架之力，在虧損數億美元後於2006年退出德國市場。
反而在沃爾瑪的大本營——美國，到2014年，阿爾迪已拓展了1300餘家門店。在美國一項名為“超市在消費者中受歡迎程度”的調查中，阿爾迪得票數遠超過沃爾瑪，斬獲第一名。
在德國，雖然阿爾迪屬於廉價超市，但是無論窮人、富人都對這家超市有很高的品牌忠誠度，開著豪車到阿爾迪排隊購物是經常能看到的景象。
阿爾迪的前身是1913年Albrecht夫婦開的一個小賣部。二戰結束後，Albrecht兩兄弟接管了家族生意。這家商店成為戰後物質匱乏時期，廣大民眾賴以生存的不可缺少的食品供應店。此後他們的生意越做越大。如今，阿爾迪在全球有超過10000家超市，能取得如此好的成績，只是因為阿爾迪抓住了零售的本質：在保證高品質的前提下堅持低價，並將低價二字做到了極致。
舉幾個阿爾迪低價的例子：
在阿爾迪購物，不可以使用信用卡付款，因為他們認為，刷信用卡用戶容易超前消費。又如阿爾迪大罐飲料價格低至0.59美元，而且能做到20年不漲價。
想盡一切辦法為顧客省錢，是阿爾迪一直秉承的理念，也是阿爾迪克敵制勝的極致一招。沃爾瑪打的是“天天平價”，阿爾迪也是將低價做到極致，ALDI是如何做的？
一、顛覆沃爾瑪的狠招
1.超低SKU
阿爾迪超市其他的大型超市有著很不同的經營理念，放棄經營全面豐富多的商品範圍，只經營最需要最基本的日常食物和用品，且每種商品的品牌少而固定。雖然ALDI不斷增加新產品，仍然只有大約900的SKU，（Stöckle，2012），幾乎是競爭對手沃爾瑪的1/150（2005年沃爾瑪大約為140,000的SKU）。
你如果認為阿爾迪採購的是商品，那就大錯特錯了，阿爾迪採購的是產能。阿爾迪的採購者從來不會跟供應商討價還價，他們討論的是這件商品的成本到底是多少？加工費用是多少？原料是多少？然後由此推算出商品價格。
另外，阿爾迪的採購對商品有很深的認識。在他們的眼裡，世界上的洗髮水用不著二十種，衛生紙用不著七八種，牙膏用不著五六種。當你認識到產品的本質以後，產品本身便沒有那麼多花樣了。所以對於阿爾迪的600SKU，並不是強行刪減下去的，而是在阿爾迪眼裡，商品的品項最多只有600SKU。
阿爾迪與有品質信譽的供應商建立了固定互信的良好關係，可以得到最優惠的進貨價。
2.員工多能工
在過去，阿爾迪全部使用現金結算，每件商品上不列印價碼，因為商品種類非常少，方便收銀員牢記商品價目表﹔訓練有素的員工都是多面手，客多時做收銀員，客少時整理貨物。
阿爾迪對人才極端重視，平均阿爾迪商店有6-8名員工。普通收銀員時薪在13美元左右，遠高於超市行業平均水準（沃爾瑪為9美元）。部門主任的年薪可達到20萬馬克（約合人民幣95萬元），每個員工都有充分的醫療保險。
如今，阿爾迪在自有商品的多個面上都打上條碼，這樣避免了掃很多遍掃不上，從而耽誤結帳速度的事情。
3.購物車付費
在阿爾迪購物，使用購物車需要花費25美分，但是購物結束後只要將購物車退還原位，就可以拿回25美分。這樣一來，阿爾迪根本不需要專人管理購物車，只用25美分就節省了大量人力成本！
4.包裝箱只用一半
很多超市的商品包裝箱都是嚴嚴實實的，阿爾迪的紙箱只有一半，半截商品露在外面，不用花人工時間去打開紙箱，而且箱子只有一半，所以更節省成本。
5.售後服務–直接無條件退換貨
在阿爾迪，在麵包過期前5天，超市就會進行打折處理。過期日期會特別加大加粗，確保顧客一目了然。
阿爾迪所有的售後問題可以用一個字解決，這個字就是：退。品質不過關？退。口味不喜歡？退。無論任何理由，阿爾迪會直接無條件退換貨，這樣可以避免沒有意義的糾纏，節省大量的人力成本。諸如此類的省錢細節還有很多，阿爾迪可謂將精打細算做到了極致，讓人不得不服。
阿爾迪還有一個原則，就是禁止公司所有人接受媒體的採訪，它認為接受採訪的時間還不如去理貨，“我浪費了兩三個小時，這都會增加到商品的成本上”。阿爾迪不打廣告，拒絕上市，因為這些都需要成本，而最終為這些成本埋單的還是顧客。
阿爾迪將運行成本低﹑進貨價優惠的優勢轉化成低廉物價，直接惠顧給顧客，以物美價廉的打動顧客，從而與消費者建立起強大的品牌黏性。
6.逗比的廣告策略
在自己的老家德國，阿爾迪從來不打廣告，唯一的宣傳手段是放在店裡消費者可以隨手拿的小彩頁。
最近兩三年，阿爾迪在美國大規模擴張時候遇到了沃爾瑪的狙擊，由此阿爾迪開始做一些戶外廣告和DM海報。阿爾迪的廣告創意來源於美國國父佛蘭克林自我激勵的人生哲理，稱之為“阿爾迪真理”，每條都做的很精彩。獨特的設計和巧妙的文字搭配彰顯德式幽默。
“阿爾迪真理”：翻譯過來就是，減價不減品質。
其中一條廣告大意就是：如果還想找到比我們更便宜的蔬菜，你只好自己去種了。
阿爾迪的視頻廣告：場景大意是小夥子兜裡有5塊錢，在沃爾瑪買了果醬抹到麵包上，咽的時候噎的直翻白眼。而同樣是有5塊錢的小女孩去阿爾迪買其自由品牌的果醬，還能買一瓶水。沃爾瑪被這樣涮了一把，這是典型的德國式幽默。
從來不只為賺錢，永遠心繫顧客，在這方面阿爾迪堪稱業界良心，此店不火，天理難容。
目前Aldi已正式進軍中國，電商先行開路，欲在中國部署門店。面對這樣牛叉的品牌，只能默念，快點來吧。
二、阿爾迪，為什麼堅持不上市?
除了以上的絕活，再談一下股東分紅。當經營者、股東為了將顧客的一罐飲料售價降下來，都願意把屬於自己的分紅砍一半，這時競爭對手幾乎是絕望的。絕大多數商人絞盡腦汁去想省錢，其實是為了自己多賺錢。
ALDI是為了給顧客真正省錢，將自己的分紅也省了。省到最後就是省自己。這不是商業上的問題，這是價值觀和哲學的問題。
ALDI的創始人本身就不追求名，不追求利，但是到最後在市場競爭中能力越來越強，反而給他們帶來了更多的財富。
這是清教徒在做企業的時候所表露出來的苦行禁欲的操行。
上帝把那些財富交給我，這個財富終究回歸給大眾，而不是花天酒地耗費在自己的身上。誠如比爾.蓋茨最終會把財富全捐出去，巴菲特比比爾蓋茨更牛，他也將畢生的財富捐給蓋茨基金會。他們都有著非常樸素的價值觀。這些樸素的價值觀，使得有內在的持續的力量在驅動他們去奮鬥，而不僅僅是拼命賺錢拼命消費。
相同的，這樣的觀點在ALDI得到了很好的貫徹。ALDI公司從來不上市，不想上市。因為上市以後，個人財富可以倍增很多，但是他認為上市會增加成本。上市是要成本的，要有無休止的會計費用、法律費用、公告費用等等，他覺得這都增加了成本。
反過來說，一個商品最終的零售價格能不能降下來，也包括你的股東是不是一個好的股東，是不是一個願意為顧客去犧牲的股東。如果你是這樣的股東，你是這樣的創業者，企業的市場競爭能力是非凡的。
有很多的創業者都以獲得風險投資為驕傲。事實上，對這些風險投資，你也要判別他是不是好股東。這些風險投資需要回報，過高的股東回報一定會增加到這罐飲料的零售價格上去。一個不好的股東就會使你的零售價格漲上去，這樣你的競爭能力就會下降。所以從這個意義上講引入貪婪的風險投資，長遠而言不僅無助於企業的競爭能力的建立，可能還削弱。
一個真正有競爭能力的企業，從採購到運營，到創業者內心的價值心願，都堅持著服務使用者回饋大眾，最後就做出一流企業來。
ALDI文化是它最核心的競爭能力。ALDI文化所有的關注點都在於最好的品質，最低的價格。企業文化跟樸素真理不應該是背道而馳的。顧客到店裡，就是要優質的東西，更低的價格，企業文化也應該是服務於這個，而不要講那麼虛的東西。ALDI沒有那些標語式的企業文化，一切就是首先確保物美，然後盡可能的價廉。他們老闆開會做的第一件事就是把燈關掉，看看在關燈的情況下，是否還能開會。
所以，無論你是做零售商，還是互聯網公司，還是開一個路邊的小攤，本質上都是一樣的。
參考資料來源：互聯網，物流指聞整理發佈
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