痔瘡的防治
楊惟婷整理
痔瘡也叫痔核,是中老年人常見的一種疾病。俗話說“十人九痔”,可見它的發病率之高。
一、痔瘡的形原因
形成痔瘡的原因很多,主要是肛門、直腸位於身體的下部。由於地心的吸力和腹腔盆腔臟器的壓迫,靜脈血液向上回流受阻,再加上直腸靜脈叢的血管缺乏靜脈瓣,血液向上回流後又有一部分漏下來,於是形成肛處的血管淤血變粗,甚至形成迂曲的靜脈團,這便是我們所說的痔瘡。
中老年人的靜脈血管彈性組織逐漸萎縮退化而變弱,彈性和柔韌性明顯降低,再加上便秘時乾硬糞塊的壓迫,使局部的血液回流更為困難,故發病率大大高於青壯年。
二、痔瘡的種類
在直腸黏膜和肛門皮膚互相交接的地方,連接成一條交錯不齊的如鋸齒狀的線,醫學上稱為齒狀錢。發生在齒狀線以內的痔瘡稱為內痔,發生在齒狀線以外的痔稱為外痔,齒狀線內外都有的痔稱為混合痔,已經發生細菌感染的痔稱為炎性痔。
三、痔瘡的主要症狀
痔的主要症狀是肛門不適,有異物或和摩擦感,瘙癢疼痛,大便帶鮮血,用手觸摸外痔和混合痔有柔軟的小疙瘩,感染後有黏液和膿性分泌物,病人有“難言之隱”的痛苦。
美國洛杉磯肛腸病專家里斯特最近研究指出:痔瘡雖然長在身體下部的一個不起眼的地方,但是它與身體的其他器官有著千絲萬縷的聯繫,往往通過神經反射和血液循環影響身體健康,何況它處於細菌的高密度區呢?如不認真對待,容易引起非常嚴重的後果,故不可等閒視之。
四、痔瘡的防治之道
患痔瘡後吃藥打針很難奏效,手術後又易復發。俗話說“最好的醫生是自己”,患者如能加強療養與防護,是減輕痛苦早日康復的方法之一。
1.防止便秘:
大便秘結是引起痔瘡和加重痔瘡的主要原因。因為大便秘結時,需要用相當大的腹壓才能將糞便排出,而且排大便時蹲的時間較長,使肛門周圍的靜脈叢更加怒張,淤血更嚴重,不利於痔瘡的康復。同時,乾硬的糞塊和直腸與肛門的摩擦力增大,容易把血管擦破引起出血和感染。為了防止便秘,平時應多吃些含纖維素的食物,如蔬菜、水果,像芹菜、菠菜、馬鈴薯、豆芽、香蕉、橘子、蘋果等。有習慣性便秘的人,最好每天早晨喝一杯蜂蜜水,對防止便秘很有幫助,盡量不用瀉藥,因瀉藥有一定的副作用。
2.巧妙選擇排便時間:
每天早晨起床後,身體由平臥位改為直立位,便產生一種“起立反射”,腸蠕動在此時增強增快,往往產生排便的感覺。另外,早飯後空腹添加了食物,腹腔的壓力增大,也易引起排便反射,將貯存在乙狀結腸下段的糞便排出體外,所以在每天早晨起床後或早飯後是排便的最佳選擇,即不必用很大的力氣就能將糞便排出來,特別符合生理要求。排便時不要吸煙、談話、看書報,盡量縮短排便的時間,以免蹲得時間過長引起肛門周圍的靜脈叢怒張。排便的姿勢坐位比蹲位好,有痔瘡的老年人,應將家中的蹲便器改為坐便器。
3.排便時不要用猛力:
肛門括約肌的彈性較差,痔瘡的血管壁也很薄弱,如果大便時用力過猛,乾硬的糞塊容易撐破肛門和擦破痔瘡的血管壁,引起肛裂、脫肛和痔瘡出血,所以大便時要緩慢用力,讓肛門由收縮狀態到擴張狀態有個適應的過程,防止發生新的傷病。
4.要用柔軟的衛生紙擦屁股:
每次大便後要用柔軟的衛生紙把肛門擦乾淨,切莫用硬紙片、磚瓦、土坷垃擦屁股,因為肛門的皮膚黏膜很嬌嫩,痔瘡又在肛門外突出著,用硬物擦屁股容易把肛門的皮膚黏膜和痔瘡擦破,引起出血和細菌感染。
5.經常用熱水坐浴:
熱水坐浴能促進肛門靜脈叢的血液循環,防止局部淤血,從而減輕痔瘡的症狀,若在熱水坐浴時加入少許花椒或高錳酸鉀顆粒,坐浴後再往肛門或痔瘡處抹些痔瘡膏,則消炎止痛的效果更好。
6.不要久站、久坐、久蹲:
直腸靜脈叢的位置較低,由於受地心的吸力,血液循環本來就不好,如果久站久坐久蹲,血管受到盆腔臟器的壓迫和臀部肌肉的壓擠,血液循環更加不好,靜脈叢的血液回流不暢,痔瘡的症狀便明顯加重。
7.早晚按摩腹部與長強穴:
腹部的腸管與肛門直接相通,尤其是結腸和直腸的健康狀況,直接影響著痔瘡的好壞。每天早晚按摩一次腹部,先上下按摩,再左右按摩,最後轉圈按摩,能刺激腸管蠕動,使糞便向下排泄,並能促進腸管的血液循環,使痔瘡的症狀減輕。長強穴在尾骨尖與肛門之間,經常用食指按壓此穴位,能通經活血,增強肛門的抵抗力。使痔瘡早日康復。
8.堅持提肛鍛煉:
提肛鍛煉就是收縮、放鬆肛門的練習,方法是先用力收肛門,停2秒鐘後再放鬆肛門,然後再收縮、再放鬆、如此反復進行,這樣連續做50~ 100下,能增強肛門的血液循環,使痔瘡的症狀減輕或早日痊癒。
9.注意性生活衛生:
性生活與痔瘡有一定的關係,性生活過頻、性器官不衛生對痔瘡都有不利的影響。性交時臀部的肌肉持續收縮,肛門的靜脈叢受到大力壓擠,局部的血液循環發生障礙,於是痔瘡的症狀加重。所以,痔瘡病人應節制性生活,每個月有一兩次即可。性交時男子的精液和女子的陰道分泌物,都易流入肛門,性交後如不將分泌物擦洗乾淨,往往引起肛門濕疹和肛門周圍炎,使痔瘡的症狀加重,故性生活後雙方都應該將會陰部擦洗乾淨。
10.忌吃辛辣的食物:
辣椒、胡椒、芥末、蔥蒜、白酒等,對肛門的血管和黏膜有一定的刺激作用,常使痔瘡的症狀加重,所以痔瘡病人要忌食辛辣等有刺激性的食物。
11.不要勒腰過緊:
勒腰過緊易使盆腔的血液循環發生障礙,直腸靜脈叢的血液不能順利回流,致使痔瘡的症狀加重。
12.避免長時間負重行走:
老年人的血管彈性較低,靜脈瓣的功能不好,長時間行走時兩腿及臀部的肌肉用力過大,致使肛門淤血和痔瘡的症狀加重。
13.多參加改變體位的運動:
游泳、仰臥起坐、俯臥撑、仰臥床上兩腿上蹬等動作,使身體由直立位改為平臥位,能防止肛門淤血而減輕痔瘡症狀。
14.積極防治全身性疾病:
老年人的高血壓、動脈硬化、下肢靜脈曲張、習慣性便秘等,由於血管的彈性降低和腸管的蠕動力減弱,易加重痔瘡的症狀,故應積極防治這些病。
15.切莫諱疾忌醫:
有些痔瘡患者(尤其是女患者)有封建思想,感到去醫院看這種病不光彩,患痔瘡後也不及時治療,以緻小病形成了大病,延長了療程,增加了痛苦。所以痔瘡患者不要諱疾忌醫,肛門不舒服時及早請醫生治療,切莫不好意思。
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