腹瀉
楊惟婷整理
腹瀉其實是一種症狀，而非疾病，它是人體「防禦機制」的一環，能將體内的致病菌與它們所產生的有害毒素排出體外，以減少對人體的傷害。
腹瀉同時也是一種「身體的警訊」，在告知人們自己的腸胃系統出了狀況。
大部份輕度或中度的腹瀉都會在12至24小時內逐漸緩解，漸至佳境。
但最重而持續的腹瀉卻會導致水份、養份及電解質的大量流失，如果處理不當，可能引起脫水，甚至休克、死亡。
一、腹瀉的原因
在日常生活中，引起腹瀉的原因很多﹕
1、引起急性腹瀉（症狀持續的時間小於7天）最常見的原因是細菌或病毒的感染食物中毒以及藥物；
2、引起慢性腹瀉的原因很多，包括飲食、藥物、腫瘤、感染、壓力、自體免疫性疾病、內分泌異常、放射線傷害及吸收不良…等等。
當急性腹瀉伴隨有下列情形時，應該儘速看醫生：
1、 糞便中帶有血或黏液。
2、 發燒或超過攝氏38度。
3、 持續嘔吐，導致無法進食。
4、 腹瀉持續3天以上，（三歲以下的幼童腹瀉持續24小時以上）。
5、 一群最近共同用過餐的人同時發生腹瀉。
而所有的慢性腹瀉的患者都應該至少看一次醫生，以正本溯源，了解腹瀉的原因，並排除大腸癌、潰瘍性大腸炎、阿米巴痢疾、慢性胰臟炎、內分泌腫瘤、愛滋病等重大疾病的可能性。
二、感染性腹瀉
在春夏天，感染性腹瀉病是極為常見的腸道傳染病，是由細菌、病毒、寄生蟲等引起的。
臨床上主要表現為噁心、嘔吐、腹痛、腹瀉等消化道症狀，主要通過水、食物傳播，不良飲食習慣和個人衛生亦可導致感染發病……
三、腸易激綜合症
醫學上並沒有「腸胃型感冒」的稱呼，正確的說，係指「著涼引起的拉肚子」，這種拉肚子一般伴有腹痛、腹脹、腸鳴、便後不盡、粘液便…等。醫學上稱這種著涼引起的拉肚子為「腸易激綜合症」。
當天氣熱的時候，發生腹瀉要注意便中是否有膿血，或到醫院檢查是否是菌性痢疾，排除「腸道炎症」可能，就是「腸易激綜合症」，不可將幾種腹瀉混淆，耽誤病情。
到醫院看病，一般醫院僅控制症狀，給與解痙和止瀉藥，或者給與心理治療和催眠治療，也有大夫將其誤診為慢性腸炎和結腸炎的。
因為著涼出現的拉肚子，很可能是因為腸道中的菌群失調引起的，菌群失調主要是由於過多服用抗生素等原因造成的。可以到醫院的腹瀉門診檢查一下，服用增加有益菌（雙歧桿菌）的藥物，平時多喝些酸奶製品也有幫助的。
老人家常告訴小孩說肚子不要著涼，否則會拉肚子，這也是有道理的，因為肚子受到冷的刺激，會激發副交感神經的活性，導致胃腸蠕動變快，因而拉肚子。總之，腸胃是很敏感的，容易受身體各種情況的影響。
四、腹瀉的治療
有些人發生腹瀉的時候，就立即服用強力止瀉劑，這種作法其實是「不智之舉」，因為過強的止瀉劑會導致胃腸不蠕動，表面上雖然症狀消失了，但粉飾太平的結果，可能使細菌及其毒素長久滯留體內，引發更嚴重的後果。
1、急性腹瀉的治療
■當急性腹瀉發生的時候，最好先不要吃固態的食物，以讓腸胃道作適當的休息。不妨可以先喝一些冷或微熱的白開水、運動飲料或清湯，以補充一些水份及電解質。
■記得先不要服用市面上的止瀉成藥，以便讓自己的消化系統自行排除一些有害的細菌及毒素。
■在經過半天之後，如果腹瀉已略為緩解，可以吃一些白稀飯或鹹粥，而配些清淡的小菜，如醬瓜、花生、肉鬆等食物。在吃稀飯一天之後，如果腹瀉已逐漸緩解，便可以恢復的一般飲食。
不過需要注意的是在身體沒有完全恢復前，應避免攝取牛奶、酒、咖啡、濃茶、辛辣調味品、冷飲及過於油膩的食物。
2、腸易激綜合症的治療
■中醫治療腸胃受到風寒最常用的方子就是「藿香正氣散」，專治外感風寒，內傷濕滯所致的怕冷、發燒、頭痛、胸悶腹脹、腹痛、嘔吐、腹瀉、肚子咕嚕咕嚕叫、口裡發淡等一系列症狀。
本方具有健胃、止吐、止瀉、利尿、抑菌、抑制病毒、袪痰止咳等多重功效，所以不管是感冒、急性胃腸炎、中暑等不適，都可以其作為主方加減應用治療。
■此外，如「安中散」或「良附丸」也是臨床常用於散寒止痛的方子，只要運用得當，療效亦然顯著。
■至於腸胃一碰到風寒侵襲就作怪的人，可從強化胃腸功能著手，例如平日可根據個人情況，選用「理中湯」或「小建中湯」等方劑來調養。
■ 腸胃易受風寒的人，對於生冷瓜果、冰涼飲料、啤酒等最好敬而遠之。
■平時更需注意腹部的保暖，多聽老人家的勸告，小心肚臍不要吹到風。
■此外，感冒期間也不能任意吃補，否則可能如俗話所說「縮住了」，因為無法祛邪外出，等於閉門留寇，人沒補到，倒是肥了病毒，還會把腸胃弄得更糟。
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