主管人員的壓力管理
楊惟婷整理
以宏觀的心來面對，凡人皆須壓力管理。不是只有上班族有壓力，沒上班的家庭主婦也有壓力！
尤其在組織結構和層級都很明確的大型企業中，主管階級工作人員的生理、心理壓力都普遍很高，而是否具有良好的抗壓性，也就成為主管級人員存活於組織內最大的挑戰。
一、主管人員的壓力管理是兼具「人格修養」和「管理風格」的修鍊
主管人員的工作中充滿了競爭與快節奏，因此他們所承受的心理壓力也絕非一般。一般高管最主要的壓力源是：
1、責任重大；
2、工作負荷特別大；
3、對於未來的不可掌控性，包括政府政策、未來的企業前景等；
4、工作內容特別複雜，層層面面，包括人際關係；
5、知識含量高，使得他們不停要更新知識。
長期處在白熱化競爭的氣氛中，會使主管人員心理極度緊張、苦悶和失望，致使情緒跌宕。當不堪忍受這種超負荷的精神壓力時，自己往往就不能把握自己而失去自控力。
尤其，不同層級的主管人員，又各自不同性質的壓力，所以必須不斷地學習。
例如低階主管的壓力主要來自組織任務的執行成效和工作量。是否能夠達成組織任務？如何分配工作量？執行策略是否恰當？以及人員配置的公平性是否能夠被職員所接受等等，都是低階主管所面臨的壓力來源。
而中階主管除了面臨組織任務執行成效的壓力之外，「管理」的技巧和「績效呈現」都是中階主管主要的壓力來源。一方面他們要求屬下達成工作任務；另一方面則必須面對高階主管的要求和監督。因此，這一上一下的局面造成中階主管面臨「三明治工作狀態」，成為組織中最具壓力的核心點。
尤其大部的中階主管都會面臨的另一個壓力來源是管理權責被架空，組織任務被掌握在高階主管手中，而執行責任落在低階主管和職員身上，中階主管形同虛設，導致個人價值和工作權利的降低。一旦適應困難，就容易誘發工作壓力或心理困擾。
另外，高階主管通常肩負組織存活的重責大任，組織的發展方向與經營模式的建立、經營成敗…等，都是高階主管的壓力源。簡單的法：企業有沒有賺錢，就是高階主管的主要壓力源。所以，「管理」和「組織成敗」是最可能造成高階主管壓力的原因。
主管人員長期處在壓力下，情緒或身體上容易出現不適。就生理上而言，有些人出現在免疫系統，有些人則以心血管疾病為主，也有人反應為皮膚、內臟、消化系統等問題。不過常見的是容易疲累、感冒…等等。就心理上而言，壓力會使人脾氣暴躁、沒耐性、不想工作、甚至情緒沮喪。有些人會出現失眠、睡眠紊亂的情形。
因此，主管人員的壓力管理，必須同時兼具「壓力調適技巧」、「人際溝通」、與「管理藝術」等方面。
1、「壓力調適技巧」指的是放鬆身體和心靈的各種策略，包括：呼吸放鬆法、漸進式放鬆法、運動或其他體能活動、還有提升「心理與靈性」的各種知識、甚至宗教寄託。
2、「人際溝通」指的是：如何與屬下和主管相處。如何協調職員的工作人際糾紛？
3、「管理藝術」指的是：何種管理模式能創造組織最大的績效？激勵員工士氣？
所以說，主管人員的壓力管理可以說是兼具「人格修養」和「管理風格」的大學問！
二、從簡易放鬆法入門
壓力是一個工作上、生活上很慣有的一種感覺，它是人生活中必然存在的一種感覺。適當的壓力可以提高一個人的工作動力，增加工作動機；過度的壓力會造成一個人的身體、心理負擔；然而完全沒有壓力的世界是窮極無聊、長期下來會使人萎靡不振，喪失生命的動力。因此，用一個正向的態度去面對壓力，把它當成挑戰。但是，也需要一個有效的方式，來管理壓力。
在這裡介紹幾種臨床上常用的簡易放鬆法，讓這群成受重大工作壓力的主管們，可以抽空利用幾分鐘的時間，減少壓力對身體造成的傷害。
（一）「淨化呼吸法」：
根據研究，人的換氣頻率在每分鐘6次左右的呼吸含氧率最高。因此建議可以利用5分鐘的時間，吸氣5秒後，再吐氣5秒。
練習「吸氣、吐氣」為一個單位，每單位10秒鐘，1分鐘進行6次，連續至少5分鐘。這個方法可以讓人神清氣爽，而且在生氣的時候特別好用，可以讓怒氣在短時間內降溫！
（二）漸進式肌肉放鬆：
漸進式肌肉放鬆技巧，效能與運動差不多，但可以在辦公室內、家裡、甚至路旁的小塊空間，就可以做。這個技巧對於肌肉常常酸痛的人也很有效，可以降低肌肉纖維的乳酸堆積，改善長期維持一個姿勢後導致的肌肉疼痛。
這個放鬆技巧剛開始練習時需要較長的時間，大約15分鐘左右，等到熟練之後，就可以有『立即放鬆』的功效。
它的原理是心理學上常用的「交互抑制法」，就像一個很簡單的反射作用，利用緊繃－鬆弛之間的交互轉換，讓個人體驗緊繃與放鬆時肌肉和身體的感覺之差異，並且在多次訓練之後增加對身體肌肉張力的敏感度，在一感覺到壓力造成的緊繃感時，馬上可以自己進行處理，不須等到一天下來累積許多壓力之後再處理，這樣做的效果是，不會在工作一天下來之後覺得身體很累、壓力很大。
漸進式肌肉放鬆的施行步驟如下：
（i）調息：腹式呼吸或深呼吸。讓心情平靜，注意力集中。
（ii）肌肉放鬆：主要是身體的大肌肉群，包括頭皮、臉部、頸部、背部、肩膀、雙手雙腿、胸部、腹部等。首先須將所要放鬆的肌肉部位緊繃起來，連續緊繃，一次比一次緊繃，維持約30秒之後，再放鬆下來，也是一次比一次放鬆，連續放鬆，維持約60秒。順序是從頭部開始，一個一個肌肉群接著做就可以了。假如有某一個部位特別痠痛可以多做一次，練習久了，就只要針對明顯不舒服的那個部位來做放鬆就可以了，不必要全身肌肉群都做。
（iii）調息：深呼吸，體驗全身放鬆的感覺，讓心情沉澱。
施作過程中，可以加入一點輕鬆的音樂，效果更佳！剛開始練習，建議每天有空的時候先做2次，之後一天1次，持續約一個星期。
（三）冥想：
有壓力的時候人常有的反應就是想要逃避，逃離那個令人不舒服和痛苦的環境。冥想就是一個很好的方法，讓人可以暫時逃開現實，卻又不怕失控！冥想其實只是一個原理，任何人都可以自行創造屬於自己的冥想世界！
原則上先找一個不受打擾的空間，選定一個適合的音樂，可以是簡單的、空靈的，或是有流水鳥叫聲的音樂，先調息呼吸，然後集中注意力在呼吸上。等到呼吸平順之後，就讓自己進入冥想世界。它可以是高山、森林，也可以是藍天白雲。你也可以創造一個景象，在那裡你會很舒服、很放鬆，也可以跟某個對你而言重要的人說說話，或是向一個智慧老人請教問題解決的方法等等。
壓力的抒解和調適都必須靠個人的努力，保持一個習慣，開放心靈，這樣才可以常保身心健康，過著愉悅的生活！
以上介紹的方法，假如沒有一個執行的原動力，是起不了作用的！因此，為了你自己、為了你愛的人，現在就開始去做吧！！
三、漸進式地提升個人的專業能力，追求自我成長
在職場上，面對長官的要求、部屬的表現、自我的檢核，各種壓力從四面八方湧來。除了心理上的焦躁不安；生理上也胃痛、頭疼，內外煎熬地像是無止盡的迴圈，看不見逃脫的出口。
你如何看待壓力，就決定了壓力將如何影響你。將壓力視為威脅，陷在消極負面的情緒中，只會癱瘓你的腦袋，看不見其他的可能。
卡內基訓練大中華區負責人黑幼龍先生認為，「使我們受苦的，往往不是情況本身，而是我們對於情況的想法。」
尤其年輕的部屬，由於工作、社會閱歷較淺，因此更加容易產生壓力，此時應該自我積極地練習如何克服壓力，在此過程中，也加速了個人能力的成長，勝任既有的工作職掌之後，隨之而來的便是職位上的提升。從另一個角度來看，有時候也可以適時地給予自己適當的壓力，來幫助自己成長。
從組織的角度來看，個人感受到的壓力強度，其實與個人專業能力、工作熟悉度有關。所以，即使壓力大到個人無法承受，也還有能力較強的主管可提供協助。
所以，壓力的產生與紓解，關鍵在漸進式地提升個人的專業能力，相對地，壓力便可遞減式地減輕了，這也代表一種改善與進步。瞭解此壓力的本質之後，在面臨壓力時，就不致慌了方寸、亂了手腳，也才不會被壓力壓垮。
職場人際網絡，是管理壓力最有力的支持網。尤其年輕的部屬，面對難解的問題、無能為力的困擾、複雜的心情，不需要自己一肩扛起，獨自面對。找尋長官、同事協助，一方面為情緒的抒解的尋找出口；一方面也可以從不同的角度提供建議或協助。
而各級主管則要瞭解部屬壓力的成因，藉以幫助部屬調適之外，同時也應該瞭解個別部屬的性格，以及幫助個人成長。
但遇到部屬前來尋求支援時，要能夠適度地拿捏協助部屬的方式與程度，藉以避免部分較消極的部屬養成只要一遇到壓力，便將之轉移給主管解決的習慣。
微信 
留言列表（43,784条）
This article offers clear idea for the new people of
blogging, that truly how to do running a blog.
Unquestionably consider that that you stated.
Your favorite reason appeared to be at the internet the easiest factor to take into account of.
I say to you, I definitely get annoyed while other people consider worries that they
just don’t know about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top and also defined
out the whole thing with no need side effect , folks could take a signal.
Will probably be again to get more. Thank you
When someone writes an piece of writing he/she maintains the idea
of a user in his/her brain that how a user can understand it.
So that’s why this piece of writing is amazing. Thanks!
Dunia303 merupakan situs daftar judi slot online dengan kumpulan game slot paling gacor terbaru gampang maxwin berhadiah hingga ratusan juta
rupiah!
I’ve been surfing online more than 3 hours today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours.
It is pretty worth enough for me. In my view, if all web owners and bloggers made
good content as you did, the web will be a lot more useful than ever before.
Dunia303 merupakan situs daftar judi slot online dengan kumpulan game slot paling
gacor terbaru gampang maxwin berhadiah hingga ratusan juta rupiah!
Link exchange is nothing else but it is just placing the other person’s
weblog link on your page at proper place and other person will also do similar
in favor of you.
Actually no matter if someone doesn’t know after that its up to other people that
they will help, so here it takes place.
Hi there to every single one, it’s actually
a pleasant for me to go to see this web page, it consists of precious Information.
An outstanding share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a friend who
had been conducting a little research on this.
And he in fact ordered me dinner simply because I stumbled upon it for him…
lol. So allow me to reword this…. Thank YOU
for the meal!! But yeah, thanks for spending some time to discuss this issue here on your
blog.
Today, I went to the beach front with my children. I found a sea shell and gave it to my
4 year old daughter and said “You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear.” She put the shell to her ear and
screamed. There was a hermit crab inside and
it pinched her ear. She never wants to go back!
LoL I know this is completely off topic but I had to tell someone!
For the reason that the admin of this web page is working, no uncertainty very quickly it will be renowned, due to its
quality contents.
Quality articles is the main to invite the visitors to
pay a quick visit the site, that’s what this web site is providing.
I must thank you for the efforts you’ve put in writing this website.
I’m hoping to view the same high-grade blog posts by you in the future
as well. In truth, your creative writing
abilities has inspired me to get my own, personal site
now 😉
Hi there! Do you know if they make any plugins to protect against hackers?
I’m kinda paranoid about losing everything I’ve worked hard on. Any suggestions?
Thanks for sharing your thoughts about 压力. Regards
I know this website provides quality based posts and extra data, is there any other web page which presents such things
in quality?
Я нашел в статье некоторые практические советы, которые можно применить в повседневной жизни.
Excellent blog here! Also your website loads up fast!
What host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host?
I wish my website loaded up as fast as yours lol
of course like your web-site but you need to check the spelling on quite a few of your posts.
Several of them are rife with spelling issues and
I in finding it very troublesome to inform the
reality then again I will surely come back again.
Ahaa, its pleasant discussion regarding this post here
at this weblog, I have read all that, so at this time me also commenting here.
When someone writes an paragraph he/she keeps the idea of a user in his/her
mind that how a user can understand it. So that’s why this piece of writing is perfect.
Thanks!
I believe that is among the such a lot significant info for me.
And i’m satisfied reading your article. But should observation on some common things,
The web site taste is great, the articles is in reality nice : D.
Just right job, cheers
Good info. Lucky me I recently found your website by
accident (stumbleupon). I’ve bookmarked it for later!
For the reason that the admin of this web site is working, no question very rapidly
it will be famous, due to its feature contents.
It’s an remarkable paragraph in favor of all the internet visitors; they will get advantage from it I am sure.
What’s up, after reading this amazing paragraph i am also glad to
share my knowledge here with mates.
He enjoys practicing his ballet in the bathroom.
Thank you for the good writeup. It in fact was a amusement account
it. Look advanced to more added agreeable from you!
By the way, how can we communicate?
Hey there fantastic blog! Does running a blog similar to this take a great
deal of work? I’ve absolutely no knowledge of computer programming but
I was hoping to start my own blog in the near future.
Anyway, if you have any ideas or tips for new blog owners please share.
I understand this is off subject but I simply needed to
ask. Thank you!
Bandırma, Balıkesir ve Güney Marmara’nın Nabzını Tutan Haber Sitesi: Pandermos Haber Bölgesel haberlerde derinlik ve kalite arayanlar için Bandırma, Balıkesir ve Güney Marmara bölgesinin en güncel ve güvenilir haber kaynağı Pandermos, okuyucularına kesintisiz bilgi akışı sağlıyor. Yerel olaylardan, kültürel etkinliklere, ekonomiden spora bölgenin dört bir yanını kapsayan geniş bir haber yelpazesine sahip olan Pandermos, bölge halkının ve ilgi duyanların ilk tercihi olma özelliğini koruyor. Gelişmiş habercilik anlayışı ve objektif bakış açısıyla hazırlanan içerikler, Pandermos’u sadece bir haber sitesi olmanın ötesine taşıyor. Güney Marmara’nın sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel dinamiklerini anlamak isteyen herkes için vazgeçilmez bir kaynak haline gelen bu platform, okuyucularına kaliteli ve doğrulanmış bilgiler sunmayı amaçlıyor. Bandırma, Balıkesir ve çevresinde yaşayanlar veya bu bölgeyle ilgili güncel bilgileri takip etmek isteyenler için Pandermos, aradıkları her şeyi bir arada bulabilecekleri bir portal. Ziyaretçilerine sadece haber değil, aynı zamanda bölgenin kültürel ve sosyal yaşantısına dair paha biçilmez bilgiler de sunuyor. Eğer siz de Güney Marmara’nın nabzını tutan, güncel ve objektif haberleri kaçırmak istemiyorsanız, Pandermos sizin için en doğru adres. Habercilikte kalite ve güven arayanların tercihi Pandermos, bölgesel haberler konusunda bir adım öne çıkıyor.
This design is spectacular! You definitely know how to keep a reader entertained.
Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved
to start my own blog (well, almost…HaHa!) Excellent job.
I really loved what you had to say, and more than that, how you presented it.
Too cool!
انواع رزین های صنعتی
Hi, all is going perfectly here and ofcourse every
one is sharing data, that’s in fact fine, keep up
writing.
Thankfulness to my father who told me on the topic of this blog,
this blog is really amazing.
Do you have a spam problem on this website; I also am a blogger, and I was wanting
to know your situation; we have developed some nice procedures and
we are looking to exchange techniques with others, please shoot me an e-mail if interested.
Thank you, I have recently been searching for information approximately this subject for ages and
yours is the best I have discovered so far. But, what about the conclusion? Are you positive about the supply?
Do you have any video of that? I’d care to find out some
additional information.
I’m really impressed with your writing skills as well as with the layout on your blog.
Is this a paid theme or did you modify it yourself?
Either way keep up the nice quality writing, it’s
rare to see a nice blog like this one these days.
I used to be suggested this website by my cousin. I’m now not certain whether this put up is written via him as no one else understand such precise approximately my difficulty.
You are amazing! Thanks!
Appreciation to my father who told me concerning this webpage, this blog is truly remarkable.
When some one searches for his vital thing, therefore he/she desires
to be available that in detail, so that thing is maintained over here.
Hi! I know this is kinda off topic however I’d
figured I’d ask. Would you be interested in trading links or maybe guest writing a blog article or vice-versa?
My website goes over a lot of the same topics as yours and I think we could greatly benefit from each
other. If you happen to be interested feel free to shoot me an email.
I look forward to hearing from you! Awesome blog
by the way!
You can certainly see your enthusiasm in the article you write.
The world hopes for more passionate writers such as you
who aren’t afraid to say how they believe. Always follow your heart.
Your article is a superb place to begin for any person looking to learn more relating to this subject.
Your insights are becoming A necessary Component of my knowledge journey.
I like reading a post that can make people think.
Also, many thanks for permitting me to comment!
Fantastic beat ! I would like to apprentice while you amend your site,
how could i subscribe for a blog site? The account aided me a acceptable deal.
I had been tiny bit acquainted of this your broadcast offered bright clear concept
Massage là phương pháp giúp thư giãn cơ thể, giảm đau mỏi cơ bắp,
mang lại sự thoải mái cho tinh thần. Điều này còn tác động tích cực đến gân cốt, kích thích hệ thống
tuần hoàn máu. Tuy nhiên, cách mát
xa toàn thân cho nam và nữ sẽ khác nhau vì sự cấu
tạo riêng biệt của đặc điểm cơ thể.
Bài viết dưới đây của Tree Boss sẽ hướng dẫn đến quý bạn đọc cách
mát xa toàn thân cho nam đơn giản, hiệu quả.
Đừng bỏ lỡ nhé! 1. Mát xa toàn thân cho
nam có tác dụng gì? Mát xa toàn thân mang lại nhiều lợi ích sức khỏe bằng cách tác động đến các huyệt đạo, vùng cơ bắp trên cơ thể.
Tăng cường sức khỏe, săn chắc cơ bắp cho nam giới sau
một ngày dài hoạt động mệt mỏi. Giảm đau nhức cơ thể vì hoạt động quá sức.
When some one searches for his vital thing, thus he/she
desires to be available that in detail, so that thing is maintained over here.