沉香與檀香
楊惟婷整理
一、沉香與檀香的優點
在日常生活中，不管你是什麼人，是佛教徒也好，是道教徒或一般的民間信仰也好，乃至一般市井小民，沉香與檀香都是很普遍的被使用的。
舉凡一般的參禪、念佛、拜佛、靜坐、居家、讀書、品茗、休閒、聚會、辦公、開會、店舖、開車…等等，沉香與檀香都是非常普及的融入於我們的生活中的。
沉香與檀香的優點是能：清淨空氣、提昇呼吸品質，進而強化免疫系統。
其功用並有：
首先，有舒壓、提振精神、穩定情緒的作用；
其次，有迎吉避邪、旺財開運的功能；
最後，有促進血液循環及清肺淨心的效果。
二、沈香等級：
第一種因年代及自然因素，倒伏經風吹雨淋後，剩餘不朽之材，稱為”倒架”。
第二種倒後埋於土中，受微生物菌分解腐朽，剩餘未腐部份稱之”土沈”。
第三種倒伏後埋於沼澤，經歷生物分解，再於沼澤區撈起者，稱為”水沈”。
第四種為活體樹經人工砍伐，置地後經白蟻蛀食，剩餘之部位稱為”蟻沈”。
第五種為活樹砍伐所採摘者，稱為”活沈”。
第六種為樹齡十年以下者，已稍具香氣，稱為”白木”。
倒架、土沈、白木、水沈、蟻沈、活沈、等香味各有不同，一般之形容為土沈之味厚醇、倒架清醇、水沈則溫醇、蟻沈清揚、活沈較高亢、白木味清香。
沉香其主要用途為焚香材料(最上品純粹者稱茄羅)，在中國通用於佛道宗教儀式用品或個人修行所常用，日本則用於香道與禪學，印度則用於燻香或抽油作為遺體防腐處理之香油。
而在中藥上，沉香是一種鎮定鎮靜處方或藥引，對強化心臟及神經具有醫療之藥效，傳說日本知名良藥[救心]其成分中就含最高級沉香中的奇楠沉。
最上等的沉香通稱為奇楠香，中國古字命有：奇南、茄藍、奇藍、伽南、棋楠等，四庫全書以占城(今越南南部地區之王國)為首所出最優及正統，但其他產沉國家亦出奇楠香。奇楠香為木黑潤，用指掐有油出柔韌者為最佳，以占城奇楠為最高價。
台灣一般將奇楠分為黑棋、紅棋、黃棋、藍棋、白棋，可能是以產區不同造成外表顏色不同所區分，是否有級數之差別，不敢斷言。唯提供下列資料供大家參考。
◎一般最簡單方法是用刀片削取沉香含油部分一小片，放入口中以舌尖觸摸，會產生辛麻者為是。
◎以手感覺削取沉香片時是否柔滑而質地柔軟。
◎削取後觀看沉香切面，是否內含黑色油脂線。
◎一般狀態下雙手觸摸沉香有冰涼感(但此限奇楠沉為活木或稱生結，死木不能用此方式鑑定)。
目前所知最佳焚燒奇楠香方法是用日本香道方式所改良之加熱器，以完全恆溫方式其火源與沉香分隔2公分，用[蒸]的方法將沉香氣揮發出來，是最高級的點香法。
沉香為常綠喬木科，須受傷或病變，經自行分泌樹脂而日久聚集凝固使成沉香，依其樹脂密度及時間長短而有品質差異及等級之分，通常以沉香心節置放於水中，全沉者稱沉水香或水沉香，半沉者稱棧香，不沉者稱黃熟香。
目前亞洲主要產沉國家有越南、寮國、印尼及馬來西亞
1、一般沉香燃燒前並無香味，奇楠卻有優雅的清香，但非一般假沉的香水味。
2、薰香時一般沉香祇有單一香味，但奇楠會有每階段不同香味且持續時間非常長。
3、一般沉香質地粗硬，奇楠卻質地柔軟，用刀切片時會感覺非常柔滑，而用刀削屑，其屑片能捻捏成丸。
4、一般沉香切片放入口中咀嚼只有香味，甚至無味，奇楠卻除了芳香外，口感Q並稍帶黏牙，還會產生辛麻的感覺，並帶點甘苦。
5、由於奇楠產地價1公斤已超過壹萬美元，故有 很多不肖商人製造假奇楠沉香，在一般會沈水的木材加入顏色及沉香木紋或人工香味，除了香味無法仿造外，其餘外觀上都幾近真品，故為防止買到假奇楠沉香，還是多探聽多比較，選擇較有信譽的老店選購。
三、分辨假沉香的方法
- 假沉香多半為水沉，但比重上往往超過正常水沉比重，手感上非常不自然。
- 假沉香一般表皮很黑，但技術好的也會加上一般木紋或木斑，所以愈是漂亮外型的沉香，愈是要注意。就算裡面有木紋及含油者，都未必是真品。
- 假沉香燃燒時，香味多半帶香水或香精味，有些還有酒精揮發性的氣味，也有完全沒香味者，但與真正沉香燃燒的香味就是不同，聰明的消費者選購時，可要求索取一點削片回家比較再決定。
- 假沉香價格一般會較真品便宜幾成，故要當心天下沒有白吃的午餐。
沉香是自然界中少數有抗菌功能的藥材，並能調節體內氣的運行，對疏通內臟機能像：肺、腎、肝、胃、腸等是非常有效之藥材。在治療與功能方面如：肺臟（肺結核、氣喘）、腎臟（補腎、利尿、壯陽）、肝臟（肝炎、肝硬化、肝腫大）、胃臟（胃潰瘍、胃炎、胃痛）、腸（便秘）。對癌症及其他慢性病亦有療效。故沉香在治療與預防都能維持體內機能正常運行的中藥材。依經驗適合用藥配藥之沉香其樹脂的含量必須超過25％（一般水沉香可達此標準）。
《本文摘錄自台灣香品網http://www.fcr.com.tw/》
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