破窗效應
楊惟雯
一、「破窗理論」（Broken Windows Theory）由來
美國Stanford大學心理學家辛巴杜（Philip Zimbardo）曾在1969年在美國加州做過這樣一項試驗：他找來兩輛一模一樣的汽車，一輛停在比較雜亂的街區，一輛停在中產階級社區。他把停在雜亂街區的那一輛的車牌摘掉，頂棚打開，結果一天之內就被人偷走了。
而擺在中產階級社區的那一輛過了一個星期也安然無恙。後來，辛巴杜用鐵錘把擺在中產階級社區的這輛車的玻璃敲了個大洞。結果，僅僅過了幾個小時，它就不見了。
威爾森（James Q. Wilson）和凱林（George L. Kelling）兩個研究犯罪學家依循這項試驗，於1982年提出了「破窗理論」（Broken Windows Theory）。
破窗理論認為：如果有人打壞了一個建築物的窗戶玻璃，而這扇窗戶又未得到及時維修，當窗戶破了沒人修理，路人經過後一定認為這個地區是沒人關心，沒人會管事，別人就可能受到暗示性的縱容去打爛更多的窗戶玻璃。因此引發更多人打破其他的窗戶，於是從這棟大樓開始蔓延到整條街，擴散到其他鄰近街道。久而久之，這些破窗戶就給人造成一種無序的感覺。
二、勿以惡小而為之
以前紐約市有一個特殊景觀：「洗車流氓」，這是一些地痞守在路口或塞車的區域，朝著你的擋風玻璃隨便噴兩下，再拿把破布或報紙擦一下，就向你要「服務費」。不給就踹門或是吐口水，常常把人嚇一跳，特別是對觀光客而言。這對大眾的心理和對紐約市的觀感有非常負面的影響。而紐約市長朱利安尼是怎麼著手進行整頓？
對處理這問題，當時有很多意見，大家都認為不可行，或是不必要。長久以來，大家認為這種行為充其量只是不好，法也無明文說這是犯罪行為；就算有，也不是什麼大不了的罪，反正「微罪不舉」嘛！而且，紐約市兇殺案很多，不需要把珍貴的警力放在這種「小事」上。不過朱利安尼堅持，並且認為要整頓紐約市治安就是要從抓所謂「洗車流氓」等的「小事」開始。
在朱利安尼的堅持下，紐約警務處研究發現，雖說沒有明確法令可以處罰他們的「洗車」行為，但是他們確實也違反了交通法規，而所謂的「洗車流氓」其實也只有僅僅180人而已，就這樣，紐約警察開始從這件「小事」著手，不到一個月，「洗車流氓」幾乎銷聲匿跡，市民稱慶，而觀光客也回流。
另外，紐約市在八十年代的時候，真是無處不搶，無日不殺，大白天走在馬路上也會害怕。地鐵更不用說了，車廂髒亂，到處塗滿了穢句，坐在地鐵裡，人人自危。
紐約市就是運用「破窗效應」的理論，先改善犯罪的環境，使人們不易犯罪，再慢慢緝兇捕盜，回歸秩序。
當時這個做法雖然被人罵為緩不濟急，「船都要沈了還在洗甲板」，但是紐約市還是從維護地鐵車廂乾淨著手，並將不買車票白搭車的人用手銬銬住排成一列站在月台上（這裡可是民權至上的美國喲！），公開向民眾宣示政府整頓的決心。
之後，警察發現人們果然比較不會在乾淨的場合犯罪，又發現抓逃票很有收穫，因為每七名逃票的人中就有一名是通緝犯，二十名中就有一名攜帶武器，因此警察願意很認真地去抓逃票，這使得歹徒不敢逃票，出門不敢帶武器，以免得不償失、因小失大。這樣紐約市的治安就從最小地方著手，而獲得很大改善。
三、管理的魔鬼藏在細節裡
剛開始時從小處著手，很容易會讓大家覺得緩不濟急；不過往往這是最有效也是最根本的方法。但紐約市就是從最小、最容易的地方著手，而打破了犯罪環結（chain），使這個惡性循環無法繼續下去。
「破窗理論」中的「破窗」，只是一種比喻，凡低層次犯罪或行為不檢、違反公共秩序（如隨地亂丟垃圾、牆壁塗鴉、飆車、大聲喧嘩）等，如乏人關心，此種縱容低度犯罪或小小的失序行為，將會蔓延引發更重大的犯行，此即所謂「犯罪升級效應」。
例如，一個很乾淨的地方，人會不好意思丟垃圾，但是一旦地上有垃圾出現之後，人就會毫不猶疑的拋，絲毫不覺羞愧。
同樣，一面牆，如果出現一些塗鴉沒有清洗掉，很快的，牆上就佈滿了亂七八糟，不堪入目的東西。那麼在這種公眾麻木不仁的氛圍中，犯罪就會滋生、蔓延。
事實上，這些「小錯」與「不良習慣」，長期易成犯罪的温床。
「破窗理論」提醒我們「勿以善小而不為，勿以惡小而為之」的觀念，因為姑息足以養奸，唯有小處著手，才能防範於未然。
台灣有句俚語：「小時偷摘瓠，長大偷牽牛」，即有異曲同工之妙。
所以，好的企業文化，也必須靠每一個員工從平日小細節中來維護，職場中的「破窗」少一點，則組織氣候的團結與和諧就會多一點。
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Dünyaca ünlü medyum haluk hoca, 40 yıllık uzmanlık ve tecrübesi ile sizlere en iyi hizmetleri vermeye devam ediyor, Aşk büyüsü bağlama büyüsü giden sevigiliyi geri getirme.
Dünyaca ünlü medyum haluk hoca, 40 yıllık uzmanlık ve tecrübesi ile sizlere en iyi hizmetleri vermeye devam ediyor, Aşk büyüsü bağlama büyüsü giden sevigiliyi geri getirme.
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Birincisi güvenilir medyum hocaları bulmak olacaktır, ikinci seçenek ise en iyi medyumları bulmak olacaktır, siz hangisini seçerdiniz.
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