《追風箏的孩子》
楊旭平
一、內容簡介
《追風箏的孩子》故事內容簡單，透過一個12歲小男孩阿米爾的目光與回憶，述說他一家人的喜樂、悲苦、離散、逃亡，背景則是過去三、四十年來的阿富汗苦難歷史的悲憫描繪。
書中並深入刻劃這對親如兄弟，實際為主僕的小男孩—–阿米爾與哈山，他們之間充滿妒嫉與愛、恐懼與忠誠、背叛與救贖的故事。
小說裡的時間背景從一九七五至二○○二年，此時阿富汗的政權也從君王轉移至塔利班，近三十年裡，先有蘇俄入侵，後有神學士的專制。這一大段荒亂的歷史，不是小說的主要重點，不過卻是造成小說裡小兄弟處境悲涼的背景。
70年代的阿富汗，因為真主黨崛起、教派鬥爭。
富家子阿米爾和僕人哈山雖情同手足，但哈山是他家僕人阿里的兒子，也是屬於在阿富汗被歧視、被欺負的哈札拉族，因種族情結，只能維持著主僕關係。
阿米爾在童年的最後一次風箏比賽，藉著哈山之助贏得勝利，終於得到父親的歡心。
可是，由於哈山深受阿米爾父親寵愛，阿米爾由此而生嫉妒，不但在一次目睹哈山慘遭雞姦之際袖手旁觀，甚且誣陷哈山，迫使哈山離開他家。
背叛好友這件事不但是他不可告人的祕密，也成為他此後心中最嚴厲的自譴。
在蘇聯入侵阿富汗之後，阿米爾於1981年隨父親逃難到美國。到了2001年，38歲的阿米爾經過一段典型的移民奮鬥歷程之後，已經在加州過著堪稱美滿的生活。
這時，由於一位長輩的請託，令他決定冒險回到塔利班政權下的故鄉，企圖拯救雙親被塔利班民兵殺害的兒時玩伴（哈山）之遺孤。
他勇敢面對自己的背叛和贖罪，為童年好友盡最後一點心力，卻也無意中發現了父親一個埋藏多年的秘密（阿米爾父親也背叛了他的忠僕阿里——哈山事實上是阿米爾的親兄弟）……經過千辛萬苦，阿米爾終於找到哈山的兒子，把他收養帶回美國。
二、本書讀後心得
我覺得，這部小說觸及一些值得深入探討的主題。例如，
1、友情…
阿米爾與跟哈山兩人感情十分要好(一開始他並不知道哈山是他同父異母的兄弟)，最愛一起放風箏和分享有趣的故事。
他們兩人的關係，是全書的骨幹。例如討論兩人間的友誼、為何阿米爾不斷測試哈山的忠誠？為何阿米爾厭惡哈山？
尤其哈山為了保護與取回阿米爾掉落的風箏，而被不良少年們凌辱。但鬥風箏比賽結束後，為何阿米爾不想繼續與哈山為友？
2、親子關係….
由於阿米爾與父親兩人的個性差距極大，阿米爾常未能照著父親的期望行事，而使兩人同感失望。
書中描述阿米爾一直想爭取父親的注意，卻一直感覺自己像個父親生命裡的局外人。
而阿米爾為得到父親寵愛，在童年的最後一次風箏比賽，藉著哈山之助贏得勝利，終於得到父親的歡心。
不過，父子之間雖然有了友情，阿米爾依舊不快樂。因為後來父子的關係又再度冷淡，所以作者寫道﹕「我們真的騙自己相信，一個用薄紙、黏膠和竹子做的玩具可以彌合我們之間的鴻溝。」
3、人性的考驗—–忠誠、背叛與救贖
由於哈山卻深受阿米爾父親寵愛，阿米爾內心潛藏著嫉妒之心。
在最後那次風箏比賽，阿米爾風箏斷線掉落，哈山為撿回風箏，
慘遭不良少年們雞姦之際，阿米爾目睹此狀，卻懦弱地袖手旁觀。
阿米爾深陷在人性的軟弱中，他犯了錯卻不敢面對，還選擇以構陷哈山、驅離哈山的方式，來逃避他自己內心的不安？他以為這樣就可以不必再面對他，面對自己的犯錯！
阿米爾後來毆打哈山，要他還手（實際上，阿米爾是想懲罰自己），但是哈山默默承受，阿米爾以為只要趕走哈山，內心就能不再受煎熬，可是阿米爾大錯特錯！反而是把自己的愧疚與罪惡揪的更緊。
我想，這便是人性的醜陋。人的軟弱反而縱容自己去傷害人，藉著大聲嚷嚷、懲罰別人來假裝自己外表的堅強、或是催眠自己是對的，以為就可以結束所有事情——但當你後悔，想要去彌補的時候，傷害已經造成了，難以抹滅，就像是阿米爾一生都為此贖罪。
後來，一位長輩（他爸爸的最好朋友）來信請託，令他決定冒險回到塔利班政權下的故鄉，企圖拯救哈山的遺孤。這位長輩告訴阿米爾：「沒有良知、沒有善念的人是不會痛苦的。但是你不是這樣的人。我希望你的痛苦，能夠因為這趟阿富汗之行而結束。」
而當他真誠地面對自己的過錯，知道自己的軟弱，他便從軟弱轉為堅強，他終於知道如何去療癒自己的創傷——當一個人不再軟弱的時候，他便可能幫助更多其他的人，像是阿米爾在救出哈山的兒子之後，投入了更多拯救戰亂下的阿富汗人的計劃……
這部小說的開頭部分寫道阿米爾記得他看著一條巷子，尋找替他追風箏的哈山到哪裡去了。
本書最後停留在阿米爾為哈山的兒子索拉博追風箏的一幕：
「我追。一個大男人和一群尖叫的孩子一起追。但我不在乎。
我追，風吹過我的臉龐，一個寬闊如潘吉夏谷的微笑在我唇邊
綻開。我追。」
此時索拉博已經到了美國展開新生活。
為何作者用這樣的架構來寫小說？
阿富汗有句俗話說，生命流轉，怎麼開始，怎麼結束，或遇危險，都不重要。生命猶如游牧民族的隊伍，緩步向前。
作為小說的結局，這段話是有情感的轉移及補償作用，阿米爾想把虧欠哈山的那一份（當年哈山為他做的），回報給哈山的遺孤，透過追風箏，作者塑造了前後呼應的感覺，也暗示阿米爾得到救贖，在美國的新生活將重新飛翔，也將過去的不愉快就此拋下了！
註﹕阿富汗放風箏、鬥風箏、追風箏的習俗。
為何放風箏？
在阿富汗，放風箏是一種傳統運動，也是全民嗜好，目前更已經進入了藝術的層次。
每一天，喀布爾的天空都點綴著各色風箏，有的冉冉上昇，有的自由漂浮，有的迎風俯衝。
冬天才是最佳的放風箏季節。此刻的阿富汗氣候嚴寒，風勢強勁，適合放風箏。加上學校停課，孩子們都投入放風箏的行列。
為什麼要追風箏？
被割斷的風箏，就是落敗的風箏。此時這些落敗的風箏就變成「asadi rawest」，意思是「自由且合法」，每個人都可以追在它的後面，先拿到者則合法擁有這個風箏。
上個世紀神學士政權在位，著手逼迫傳統文化，認為許多休閒活動不符合伊斯蘭的精神。於是放風箏遭禁，溜鳥（養鳥）也不准，違者動輒在街上遭到痛毆，風箏被撕毀，鴿子被放走。
幸好，放風箏的傳統沒有消失。神學士垮台之後，風箏重新回到阿富汗的天空。
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