痔瘡的防治
楊惟婷整理
痔瘡也叫痔核，是中老年人常見的一種疾病。俗話說“十人九痔”，可見它的發病率之高。
一、痔瘡的形原因
形成痔瘡的原因很多，主要是肛門、直腸位於身體的下部。由於地心的吸力和腹腔盆腔臟器的壓迫，靜脈血液向上回流受阻，再加上直腸靜脈叢的血管缺乏靜脈瓣，血液向上回流後又有一部分漏下來，於是形成肛處的血管淤血變粗，甚至形成迂曲的靜脈團，這便是我們所說的痔瘡。
中老年人的靜脈血管彈性組織逐漸萎縮退化而變弱，彈性和柔韌性明顯降低，再加上便秘時乾硬糞塊的壓迫，使局部的血液回流更為困難，故發病率大大高於青壯年。
二、痔瘡的種類
在直腸黏膜和肛門皮膚互相交接的地方，連接成一條交錯不齊的如鋸齒狀的線，醫學上稱為齒狀錢。發生在齒狀線以內的痔瘡稱為內痔，發生在齒狀線以外的痔稱為外痔，齒狀線內外都有的痔稱為混合痔，已經發生細菌感染的痔稱為炎性痔。
三、痔瘡的主要症狀
痔的主要症狀是肛門不適，有異物或和摩擦感，瘙癢疼痛，大便帶鮮血，用手觸摸外痔和混合痔有柔軟的小疙瘩，感染後有黏液和膿性分泌物，病人有“難言之隱”的痛苦。
美國洛杉磯肛腸病專家里斯特最近研究指出：痔瘡雖然長在身體下部的一個不起眼的地方，但是它與身體的其他器官有著千絲萬縷的聯繫，往往通過神經反射和血液循環影響身體健康，何況它處於細菌的高密度區呢?如不認真對待，容易引起非常嚴重的後果，故不可等閒視之。
四、痔瘡的防治之道
患痔瘡後吃藥打針很難奏效，手術後又易復發。俗話說“最好的醫生是自己”，患者如能加強療養與防護，是減輕痛苦早日康復的方法之一。
1.防止便秘：
大便秘結是引起痔瘡和加重痔瘡的主要原因。因為大便秘結時，需要用相當大的腹壓才能將糞便排出，而且排大便時蹲的時間較長，使肛門周圍的靜脈叢更加怒張，淤血更嚴重，不利於痔瘡的康復。同時，乾硬的糞塊和直腸與肛門的摩擦力增大，容易把血管擦破引起出血和感染。為了防止便秘，平時應多吃些含纖維素的食物，如蔬菜、水果，像芹菜、菠菜、馬鈴薯、豆芽、香蕉、橘子、蘋果等。有習慣性便秘的人，最好每天早晨喝一杯蜂蜜水，對防止便秘很有幫助，盡量不用瀉藥，因瀉藥有一定的副作用。
2.巧妙選擇排便時間：
每天早晨起床後，身體由平臥位改為直立位，便產生一種“起立反射”，腸蠕動在此時增強增快，往往產生排便的感覺。另外，早飯後空腹添加了食物，腹腔的壓力增大，也易引起排便反射，將貯存在乙狀結腸下段的糞便排出體外，所以在每天早晨起床後或早飯後是排便的最佳選擇，即不必用很大的力氣就能將糞便排出來，特別符合生理要求。排便時不要吸煙、談話、看書報，盡量縮短排便的時間，以免蹲得時間過長引起肛門周圍的靜脈叢怒張。排便的姿勢坐位比蹲位好，有痔瘡的老年人，應將家中的蹲便器改為坐便器。
3.排便時不要用猛力：
肛門括約肌的彈性較差，痔瘡的血管壁也很薄弱，如果大便時用力過猛，乾硬的糞塊容易撐破肛門和擦破痔瘡的血管壁，引起肛裂、脫肛和痔瘡出血，所以大便時要緩慢用力，讓肛門由收縮狀態到擴張狀態有個適應的過程，防止發生新的傷病。
4.要用柔軟的衛生紙擦屁股：
每次大便後要用柔軟的衛生紙把肛門擦乾淨，切莫用硬紙片、磚瓦、土坷垃擦屁股，因為肛門的皮膚黏膜很嬌嫩，痔瘡又在肛門外突出著，用硬物擦屁股容易把肛門的皮膚黏膜和痔瘡擦破，引起出血和細菌感染。
5.經常用熱水坐浴：
熱水坐浴能促進肛門靜脈叢的血液循環，防止局部淤血，從而減輕痔瘡的症狀，若在熱水坐浴時加入少許花椒或高錳酸鉀顆粒，坐浴後再往肛門或痔瘡處抹些痔瘡膏，則消炎止痛的效果更好。
6.不要久站、久坐、久蹲：
直腸靜脈叢的位置較低，由於受地心的吸力，血液循環本來就不好，如果久站久坐久蹲，血管受到盆腔臟器的壓迫和臀部肌肉的壓擠，血液循環更加不好，靜脈叢的血液回流不暢，痔瘡的症狀便明顯加重。
7.早晚按摩腹部與長強穴：
腹部的腸管與肛門直接相通，尤其是結腸和直腸的健康狀況，直接影響著痔瘡的好壞。每天早晚按摩一次腹部，先上下按摩，再左右按摩，最後轉圈按摩，能刺激腸管蠕動，使糞便向下排泄，並能促進腸管的血液循環，使痔瘡的症狀減輕。長強穴在尾骨尖與肛門之間，經常用食指按壓此穴位，能通經活血，增強肛門的抵抗力。使痔瘡早日康復。
8.堅持提肛鍛煉：
提肛鍛煉就是收縮、放鬆肛門的練習，方法是先用力收肛門，停2秒鐘後再放鬆肛門，然後再收縮、再放鬆、如此反復進行，這樣連續做50～ 100下，能增強肛門的血液循環，使痔瘡的症狀減輕或早日痊癒。
9.注意性生活衛生：
性生活與痔瘡有一定的關係，性生活過頻、性器官不衛生對痔瘡都有不利的影響。性交時臀部的肌肉持續收縮，肛門的靜脈叢受到大力壓擠，局部的血液循環發生障礙，於是痔瘡的症狀加重。所以，痔瘡病人應節制性生活，每個月有一兩次即可。性交時男子的精液和女子的陰道分泌物，都易流入肛門，性交後如不將分泌物擦洗乾淨，往往引起肛門濕疹和肛門周圍炎，使痔瘡的症狀加重，故性生活後雙方都應該將會陰部擦洗乾淨。
10.忌吃辛辣的食物：
辣椒、胡椒、芥末、蔥蒜、白酒等，對肛門的血管和黏膜有一定的刺激作用，常使痔瘡的症狀加重，所以痔瘡病人要忌食辛辣等有刺激性的食物。
11.不要勒腰過緊：
勒腰過緊易使盆腔的血液循環發生障礙，直腸靜脈叢的血液不能順利回流，致使痔瘡的症狀加重。
12.避免長時間負重行走：
老年人的血管彈性較低，靜脈瓣的功能不好，長時間行走時兩腿及臀部的肌肉用力過大，致使肛門淤血和痔瘡的症狀加重。
13.多參加改變體位的運動：
游泳、仰臥起坐、俯臥撑、仰臥床上兩腿上蹬等動作，使身體由直立位改為平臥位，能防止肛門淤血而減輕痔瘡症狀。
14.積極防治全身性疾病：
老年人的高血壓、動脈硬化、下肢靜脈曲張、習慣性便秘等，由於血管的彈性降低和腸管的蠕動力減弱，易加重痔瘡的症狀，故應積極防治這些病。
15.切莫諱疾忌醫：
有些痔瘡患者(尤其是女患者)有封建思想，感到去醫院看這種病不光彩，患痔瘡後也不及時治療，以緻小病形成了大病，延長了療程，增加了痛苦。所以痔瘡患者不要諱疾忌醫，肛門不舒服時及早請醫生治療，切莫不好意思。
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