常見的過敏原
楊惟婷整理
過敏簡單的說，是人體在與外界某些物質接觸後，引發體內免疫系統高度活化而造成的發炎症狀。而這些會引起過敏的物質，我們則稱之為過敏原。
依照反應機轉及其參與細胞、激素的不同，過敏反應粗分為四類。其中第一型稱之為立即型過敏反應：當過敏原進入體內後，會引發一種叫做IgE抗體的生成，大量的IgE抗體與肥大細胞結合後，會進一步導致肥大細胞中發炎物質、細胞激素的釋出，進而在短時間內造成血管通透性的改變，黏膜腫脹、分泌物增加、平滑肌收縮及發炎細胞大量聚集等發炎現象。我們所熟悉且常見的過敏疾病如氣喘、過敏性鼻炎、蕁麻疹皆屬此種過敏反應。
而容易產生這種過敏現象的人，通常即具有「異位性體質」。 經過國內外的研究，目前已知異位性體質是會遺傳的，而過敏疾病的發生基本上是體質(遺傳)加上環境因素(過敏原)所共同造成。
一般引起氣喘與過敏性鼻炎的環境過敏原包括：家塵及塵蟎最多 (90.%)，其次為黴菌、舊棉絮、稻草、蟑螂及花粉。其餘如香煙、食物 (巧克力、海鮮等 ) 及情緒緊張等，也可能引發過敏反應。
那麼，在台灣最常見的過敏原是哪些？
1.家塵塵蟎﹝dust mite﹞
塵蟎是台灣最常見的過敏原，有90%以上的氣喘病童對塵蟎過敏，塵蟎約0.2~0.5公釐大小，以人或動物的皮屑、指甲及毛髮為主食，喜好生長於床褥、枕頭、地毯、衣服、有毛的玩具或厚重的窗簾，在攝氏25度，相對濕度80%的環境生長的最好，繁殖也最快，因此很適合在台灣生長，在夏末初秋時繁殖的最快，也
是氣喘病人最容易發作的季節可知其重要性。
2.蟑螂
蟑螂在溫暖的氣候中也容易繁殖，在台灣過敏病兒童中約有40%~50%亦對蟑螂過敏，蟑螂的糞便及屍體皆有可能是過敏原，日常生活中，如何減少蟑螂的存在也是重要的課題之一。
3.狗、貓、鳥類等寵物
這些寵物不但本身皮垢或分泌物是強烈的過敏原，而且更是塵蟎繁殖的重要食物來源，室內不可飼養寵物是唯一的方法，若不得已，勤加洗滌或可減少一些。
4.黴菌
與塵蟎相似，黴菌易生長於潮濕高溫的環境，因此保持乾燥環境，除濕機、冷氣機的濾網常加清洗也可減少黴菌的生長，另外被單枕頭使用尼龍製品也可減少其存在。
5.花粉
國外常見因花粉過敏引起導致過敏性鼻炎或結膜炎﹝花粉熱﹞，在台灣則較為少見，在台灣真正因花粉產生的過敏病可說少之又少，不到20%。
這些環境過敏原就像手槍板機一樣，一旦免疫系統盯上它，只要再次遇到，便會馬上引發強烈的過敏反應，不除去之不會停止。
另外，異位性皮膚炎的食物過敏原包括：帶殼的海鮮（蝦、蟹）、蛋白、巧克力、牛奶、羊奶、橘子、草莓、蕃茄等柑桔類水果，核果類（如花生、乾果）等 。
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