外送平台助攻宅經濟
楊惟雯
宅經濟、科技熱浪逐漸翻轉市場結構，使得近幾年來外送發展達到成熟期，越來越多餐飲業者紛紛加入外送行列。
而餐飲外送服務今年在台灣掀起熱潮，Foodpanda、Ubereats兩大業者互較高下。
一、外送商機有夢最美
據統計，台灣每年餐飲市場營業額約4300億元，其中外送餐點只占5%，約250億元。再依經濟部最新統計，台灣餐飲業2019年營業額創新高，最大的功臣是外送平台，因為宅經濟愈來愈夯，民眾只要動動手指頭，就可以享用美食，讓餐飲業業績節節上升。
值此外送商機席捲全台，為了增加營業額，不少餐飲業者決定與外送平台合作。
例如，台灣速食業龍頭麥當勞，投資相當多人力與物力外送自家餐點；如今，麥當勞選擇與Uber Eats合作，企圖擴展送餐服務，目標是讓餐廳增加1成左右外送訂單。
事實上，台灣麥當勞2018年3月，就悄悄加入Uber Eats網路訂餐服務，初期以試營運方式了解顧客需求，大台北地區、台中與高雄，目前共有51家餐廳與Uber Eats配合外送服務，未來會階段性逐步擴大服務範圍。
台灣麥當勞在2018年與Uber Eats配合的原因有二，一是國際間的合作；二是想要提升外送服務的多元管道。首先，台灣麥當勞不是第一個攜手Uber Eats的市場，美加、紐澳、新加坡及香港麥當勞，早與Uber Eats合作。
此外，台灣麥當勞在宣布邁入EOTF世代後，不但有全新2.0旗艦餐廳亮相，整體服務翻新也繞著「三多」（希望支付多元、點餐方式多元，取餐也要多元）走，無論是點餐機創新服務、得來速的普及，都為了符合市場需求，而外送服務也必需有所提升，所以除了原本「歡樂送」外，2018年又與第三方點餐平台合作。
麥當勞會找上第三方點餐平台，不外乎就是看好Uber Eats的服務範圍「浮動」，端看附近的駕駛願不願意接單，不像他們只能外送一定區域內的地點，此舉等於是幫麥當勞帶來了新的來客，可以觸及更多家庭客、上班族。
再者，許多都會區、鬧區的麥當勞，用餐尖峰時刻的外送訂單總是爆量，外送員應接不暇，現在多了Uber Eats幫忙，訂單金額依舊回到麥當勞餐廳內，對麥當勞而言只是少賺了外送服務費39元，並沒有其他損失。
又如知名咖啡連鎖業者星巴克近日也宣布與兩大業者合作，盼藉此提升營運表現。
另外，隨外送市場持續擴張，並從餐飲延伸到民生通路。量販龍頭家樂福可望攜手德商foodpanda推出店內商品外送服務，在2019年雙11正式上線；不僅如此，家樂福也可望再跟美商Uber Eats合作，一次攜手兩大外送平台，全力搶攻宅經濟，也成為國內量販超市首例！
據了解，家樂福跟foodpanda合作外送服務的店舖，首家先以台北東興店開始測試，該店位於北市信義區市民大道五段、東興路交叉口，鄰近統一超商總部、松山高中、松山文創園區、南京三民站等，屬於學區、商辦、住宅混合的商圈，希望能搶攻全時段外送需求。
據悉，雙方首波合作的外送商品超過300項，包含烤物、炸物、炒麵、炒飯等熟食，還有麵包、飲料、零食、米、麵、醬油、油品等，甚至連冷藏及冷凍生鮮（蔬菜、肉品、海產）都有，以及少量的個人衛生日用品，種類相當多元。
不過，目前家樂福全台已有64家量販店、69家便利購超市，合計共133店，2019年底前還將加入剛承接的5間台糖量販店，2019年營收目標上調至710億元，為何決定在此時加入外送戰局？對此，家樂福總經理王俊超認為，未來國內外送市場會越來越大，因為消費者對即時、快速、便利的需求越來越高，他並觀察，家樂福線上購物平台近年業績快速成長，顯示消費者對配送到宅的需求及使用習慣也在增加。
二、外送成本是理想與現實的距離
不過，TVBS新聞台報導，基隆一家知名麵店自7月加入外送平台後，獲利反而下滑，已於上月底收掉店面，老闆韓先生表示，外送平台抽高達3成，而一碗麵的獲利也才4成，加上房租、水電、瓦斯，「根本負擔不起」。該店面已經收掉，剩下廚房改作專接調理包生意。
東森新聞則指出，餐飲業者與外送平台合作，月領2次在平台的營業額，且結算區間要往前推2周，最久會被押到一個月，目前兩大外送平台抽成30%，另有維護費、簽約費等。由於店家現金流都卡在外送平台手上，如果沒有足夠的周轉金，恐怕吃不消。
三、日本Uber Eats調降外送報酬
由日本 Uber Eats 外送員所組成的工會組織「Uber Eats Union」，於2019年12月5日前往 Uber 的日本分公司遞交陳情書，抗議該公司片面調降外送員的收入所得。
日本的 Uber Eats 在 11 月 29 日的時候，針對日本部分地區的外送費用進行調降。由於 Uber Eats 的外送員們，是根據他們的外送距離來賺取薪資，而這回 Uber 就是針對這項費用來進行調降。例如原本每公里的配送距離可賺取 150 日圓，而在調降後只剩下 60 日圓。
而日本 Uber宣稱，在預扣手續費方面，也從原本的 35% 調降至 10%，並認為不會對外送員夥伴們的收入造成影響。
截至目前，工會曾要求 Uber 就補償制度等問題作出說明，也曾經要求進行團體談判。不過日本 Uber 則表示從工會法來看，他們的身分並不屬於雇用勞動者，拒絕了他們的要求。
四、無人配送的時代悄悄來臨
這個時代變化之快讓人無法想像。一個個腦洞大開的創新，讓人眼花繚亂，目眩神迷。
前些日子，大陸京東劉強東突然扔出一枚超級核彈，炸的整個物流業措手不及，炸得快遞員膽戰心驚：京東的智慧配送機器人正式上路，這是全球首次全場景常態化配送運營！
一早的北京市海澱區，20多台京東配送機器人整裝待發。隨著調度平臺發出命令，首批載有618訂單的配送機器人自動發出。這些配送機器人可以識別、躲避障礙物辨別紅路燈，還能自動駕駛、路線規劃、主動換道、車位識別、自主泊車……
配送機器人快到目的地時，後臺系統將取貨資訊發送給使用者。
—-“我是京東智慧配送機器人，已順利抵達您的樓下,請憑提貨碼提取商品。”
消費者可自由選擇人臉識別、輸入取貨驗證碼、點擊手機App連結等三種方式取貨，十分方便。
說到無人送貨車，僅僅是京東物流革命的一小步。京東除地上跑的是智慧化的，天上飛的，一樣是無人。
在京東618促銷創造1600億元新高之後，劉強東卻宣佈：今年618最讓他高興的，是京東第一架重型無人機正式下線。這輛無人機，目標有效載重量達到1-5噸，飛行距離超過1000公里，100%自主智慧財產權。
更牛的，是京東剛剛正式立項的超重型無人機項目。這個超重型無人機目標有效載重量達到40-60噸，飛行距離超過6000公里。
是的，你沒看錯，這就是京東想要幹的超重型無人機，綜合指標甚至超過運20、西飛，可怕吧？這種戰時可充當軍用機功能，包括攜帶導彈。
但為什麼要用無人機送貨呢？因為，無人機是最佳運貨工具，它可以飛直線，不用受地形的影響，更不用像汽車一樣走彎路兜圈子。
現在，劉強東已經拿到了無人機空域批文。也就是說，無人機送貨，不是天方夜譚，而是隨時可以開展的！
現在，京東的無人“機、車、倉、配送站”已經實現無縫銜接。也就是說，消費者在京東購物，從下單到配送的全流程無人化，已然實現。
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全家提超零售概念解決缺工問題
全家已意識到，未來台灣平均每年短少勞動人口近16萬人，對於各種服務尤其收銀和補貨上架都必須有人手的超商而言，受影響恐是越來越顯著。
甚至，外送平台快速崛起，外送員的增加恐怕也侵蝕部分超商人力。據勞動部調查，目前台灣有7家食物外送平台業者，共聘用 8 萬名外送員，雖然超商業者尚不因此明顯受到人力不足衝擊，但可觀察到，日本 7-ELEVEN 2018年起已因缺工開始討論放棄 24 小時營業，並在近期宣布關閉 1000 家低獲利門市，這樣的趨勢是否漫延到台灣的超商業？
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