沖泡咖啡要訣

沖泡咖啡要訣

楊惟婷

咖啡

由生豆至一杯香濃的咖啡,這其間的每一步驟都非常重要。

在你了解如何選擇最好又最適當的咖啡豆後,接著必需要學習使用正確咖啡沖煮方法,才能成就一杯完美的咖啡。

 

一、咖啡豆的磨製

 

咖啡粉的磨製方式一定要和咖啡沖煮方法匹配,才能從咖啡豆中提煉出最佳風味。

通常,咖啡粉與熱水接觸時間較長的沖煮方法,需要粗一點的顆粒。

如果咖啡粉相對於沖煮方法過細的話,製出的咖啡會有「太苦、硬澀、煮過了頭」的味道;當然,另一個極端,若咖啡粉過粗,會使成品淡而無味。

 

另外,粉末與空氣的接觸面積大,磨好的咖啡粉較容易氧化降解。

隨著人們飲用咖啡的品味的提高,越來越多的人傾向於在家裡磨咖啡豆,現磨現煮。現在,許多電動咖啡壺的自動化程度很高,有的甚至包括研磨咖啡豆的功能。

 

一般咖啡豆的磨製有三類方法:即「研磨」、「打磨」和「臼磨」。

1、研磨:

此法是利用兩個轉動的部件擠壓和粉碎咖啡豆。研磨的方法產出的咖啡粉比較均勻,在烹製的時候出味也比較一致。

 

研磨部件可以是圓盤形或圓錐形。

(1)錐形磨盤的設計降低了所需要的轉速,一般低於每分鐘五百轉。

研磨的速度越慢,摩擦產生的熱量越少,因而咖啡的香氣不易流失。通過調節研磨的參數,錐式研磨機可以勝任各種不同的咖啡的製備。好一點的機器可以磨製土耳其咖啡所需的超細粉末。

且錐式機械的噪音要小一些,阻塞的幾率也要小一些。

(2)盤式磨盤一般轉速要高一些,產生熱量多一些;但它們功能廣泛、經濟實用,可以勝任多數家用咖啡的製備。

 

2、打磨:

多數現代機器,實際上是在每分鐘兩萬到三萬轉的高速下,把咖啡豆切成碎末(有的人乾脆用打漿機)。

這類刀片式打磨機的耗件壽命要長一些;但是打磨中積聚熱量、製成的咖啡碎末大小不均,難以提煉出優質的飲品。

這類打磨機理論上只能用於滴漏式咖啡壺。它們產生的塵粉會堵塞濃縮咖啡和French press機器中的濾網。

 

3、臼磨:

如果找不到好的研磨設備的話,您能做的只有使用一支搗杵和一座臼缽,「玉兔搗藥」式的慢慢享受勞動的樂趣了。

 

二、咖啡的沖煮方法

 

所有的咖啡都是由磨好的咖啡粉和熱水製出的;事成後咖啡粉被清理出局。所需的咖啡粉的粗細程度與選用的沖煮方法有關。

 

根據水和咖啡粉的接觸方式,咖啡的烹製歸類為五種:「泡煮法」、「加壓法」、「重力法」、「浸濾法」、「冰釀法」。

 

1、泡煮法

(1)「伊芙利克壺(Ibrik)」沖泡法

據說是人們最早飲用咖啡的一種沖泡法,使用由純銅或黃銅製成的長柄壺,透過熱源加熱,讓細研磨的咖啡粉和水充分混合,這是一種濃縮、高濃度、帶著濃烈香氣的咖啡。

 

此法流行於在十九世紀初期的中東地區,當時的土耳其咖啡壺,人們稱之為「伊芙利克」(Ibrik),其外型高約六吋,柄長,容量大約是三至四人份,多半由純銅或黃銅製成,少數還有內部鍍錫處理。

由於地理環境使然,交通工具多仰賴駱駝,為了方便攜帶,於是便發展出體積較小的折疊式伊芙利克,通常將其置於駱駝背上,讓旅人隨時可以享受咖啡的美味。

 

使用方法:首先將伊芙利克壺加熱,再以每杯一茶匙量的咖啡粉和少許糖放入壺中,用滾水沖泡,使咖啡粉和水充分融合後,稍候靜置一分鐘,使咖啡粉沉澱,將上層沒有沉澱物的咖啡液直接飲用。

由於此種方法未經過過濾程序,建議以細研磨為主,讓咖啡粉和水的融合度提高,但是如果飲用者本身不喜歡有些懸浮物的咖啡,建議可以增加一道過濾手續,便能得到更加純粹的咖啡液。一般加糖和荳蔻調味。

 

使用此法,不要被這個名字誤導。不要把咖啡煮沸(至少不要煮沸太久),否則會太苦。

 

(2)「牛仔咖啡」

此法則是把咖啡粉加水,直接在鍋裡煮開了飲用。這個名字暗示一個在簡陋條件下的權宜之計;然而有人偏好此道。

在咖啡人均消費最高的芬蘭和瑞典,這是他們傳統的烹製方法。

 

2、蒸餾法

濃縮咖啡是由80~96℃的熱水,以8~9個大氣壓的力道,通過壓實的咖啡粉餅製成,通常一杯份只有30毫升。

它是沖煮咖啡中最濃的之一,帶有獨特的香氣和一抹油脂(Crema)浮在表層。它可以單獨飲用;也可以進一步製成多種其他飲品。

由於沖煮快速,具有濃度高的特性,且咖啡因含量低,在不少連鎖咖啡店或是調味咖啡都採用此法。

 

(1)「摩卡壺(Moka)」

也叫「義大利咖啡壺」,是一個三層結構的爐具。

水在壺的下半部被煮開至沸騰後,藉由蒸氣的壓力,滾水上昇經過裝有咖啡粉的中層過濾器,而至壺的上半部。所得到的咖啡濃度可與espresso相比,只是沒有浮油,但是在咖啡溢出口若加裝加壓墊片,則可以萃取出金黃色的crema。

當咖啡開始流向壺的上半部時,需將火關小,因為溫度太高會使咖啡產生焦味而破壞了其原始風味。

 

基本上,摩卡壺為蒸餾式的一種,以摩卡壺所沖煮出的咖啡帶著一種沉穩的濃度和香味。常見的日式塞風的煮法也是利用相同的原理。

 

(2)虹吸式賽風壺(Syphon)

「虹吸式賽風壺」是由一個加熱容器(壺)和一個漏斗式容器連接而成,連接部分是一個濾器,亦為蒸餾式的一種。

使用時,先將咖啡粉放入上面的漏斗中,再加水入壺;然後將漏斗嘴緊套進壺口,水在壺中燒沸後,沸水進入漏斗式容器,與咖啡粉混合;這時攪泡約40秒至1分鐘,然後熄滅酒精燈。此時,賽風壺冷卻而形成部分真空,又將漏斗式容器中的咖啡經過濾器抽回底部,便可取下漏斗倒出飲用。

 

虹吸式賽風壺沖煮的時候,可以看到原本在下壺乾淨的白開水會被吸到上壺,過一下子後就可以看到已經變成咖啡色的咖啡流到下壺,充滿視覺效果。

其火力的控制以及攪拌的時機與手法,是沖煮出好咖啡的關鍵。

 

3、高壓法

此法就是使用「義式濃縮咖啡機」沖煮式。

由於咖啡是一種極不穩定的液體,可能一下子便改變其特性,這便是義式濃縮咖啡機 (Espresso Machine)被發明的原因之一,此法發明及發展於義大利,始於20世紀初。

義式濃縮咖啡機原理與摩卡壺不同:以極熱但非沸騰的熱水(約90℃)燒開進入頂層,然後自上而下,藉由高壓(以9到10個大氣壓力或bar)沖過研磨成很細的咖啡粉末,在20~30秒時間內萃取出約30cc的咖啡液,可以連續萃取數杯咖啡,沖煮過程中的高壓能將咖啡豆中的油質和膠質乳化溶解,豆中的菁華經由壓力被完全萃取出來,使得煮出的咖啡濃度更濃,口味和香味更好。

 

此法藉由短時間、高壓沖煮過程,使得一杯咖啡特有的風味經濃縮後,表現的較其他沖煮器材來為強烈。不過,也因淬取時間短使得咖啡因成分反而較少。

濃縮咖啡常作為摻雜其他成分(如牛奶或可可粉)的咖啡飲料基礎,例如拿鐵咖啡、卡布奇諾、焦糖瑪奇朵以及摩卡咖啡,而不會過度稀釋掉咖啡成份。

 

4、過濾法(Filter Coffee)

(1)「手沖法」

沖煮步驟及方法如下:

a、先以熱水溫熱濾杯,將濾紙擺放於濾杯中央,再倒入咖啡粉。

b、輕輕搖晃濾杯,盡量使咖啡粉的表面平整。

c、將水壺的注水口提高至距離濾杯表面約3~4公分的高度,並由內而外、沿著順時鐘方向畫圓圈,充分潤濕咖啡粉。注水量的判斷原則以下方承接咖啡之器皿內有「數滴」咖啡滴出為標準。

d、若使用的是新鮮的咖啡粉,此時其表面會形成一個膨脹的過濾層,這時須注意水流應保持細小不可過強,水流適當與否可以此膨脹過濾層會不會塌陷做為參考。

e、第二次注入熱水,重複步驟c的注水方法,並特別小心不可將熱水倒在先前膨脹的過濾層的外側周圍部分。

f、每次注水的時間點為膨脹的過濾層漸漸凹陷之後,再將剩餘的熱水注入,即完成。

 

這種沖泡方式,主要是讓咖啡豆粉與熱水充分混合後,溶解出咖啡中的濃醇甘香,再透過濾紙滴漏出來,此法能過濾咖啡中所含的脂肪、蛋白質及不良雜質,得到口感較清爽的咖啡。

 

此法雖然看似簡單的動作,但是控制的好與壞,沖煮出的咖啡味道可是天壤之別,但可在享受美味的同時,並能得到自己手沖咖啡的樂趣。

例如注水水量、注水時間、咖啡粉的研磨度和濾杯的選擇,都會影響此種沖煮方式最後的咖啡風味,因此,以沖煮一人份為例,共需10g的咖啡粉,需要的水量約為100 c.c. 。

 

(2)法式壓濾機

「法式壓濾機(French press)」是一個高瘦的玻璃圓筒,配一個帶濾器的活塞。熱水和咖啡粉在圓筒中泡上4到7分鐘,然後由活塞濾器把咖啡粉壓到底部,上層的咖啡便可以倒出飲用。這種「完全浸入法」被很多專家認為是泡製咖啡的理想的家用方法。

 

(3)咖啡袋

「咖啡袋」是出遊用的便攜包裝,平時很少見。

馬來西亞人用棉布製的口袋裝咖啡粉,浸入熱水裡,然後把布袋從熱水撈出。這種口袋和使用濾紙是一個道理。

這對當地的口味濃烈的咖啡更適和,袋中的咖啡可以重複使用。

 

5、冰釀法

冰釀咖啡,又稱「冰滴咖啡」,與上述四種最大的差異,即不使用熱水,而是使用冰塊慢慢融解所產生的冰水,慢慢滴過裝有咖啡粉的過濾器。因此調製一杯冰釀咖啡耗時長、成本高,但口味極佳。

 

三、花式咖啡的沖煮方法

 

了解如何製作一杯完美的咖啡,就如同畫家知道如何使用他的畫筆,或是科學家了解如何應用科學方程式。

當你有了上述的專業知識後,便可以由簡單的 Espresso(濃縮咖啡) 變化出各種花巧的咖啡飲料。

 

(一)沖泡咖啡不可缺的材料

1、水

大約可以分為軟水與硬水。以溶解於水的鈉、錳等計算後,量少的是軟水、而量多的是硬水。

一般的水即是含有鈉、錳、鈣、鎂等的硬水,因硬水會將咖啡因及丹寧酸的釋出,而使咖啡的味道大打折扣。

普通的自來水就可當成軟水使用,但早上最初的自來水、前一天取放的水及第二次煮沸的水要儘量避免使用。

所以,要沖泡出新鮮的咖啡,家中隨手可得的自來水一樣可以泡出香醇可口的咖啡。可使用淨水器與裝活性碳的篩檢過濾器,也能夠避免水中的雜質及氣味。

 

2、糖

有不同的方糖、砂糖、細粒冰糖、黑砂糖、咖啡糖各種不同成分的甜味,使咖啡給人的味覺更豐富。可以依著喜愛的咖啡風格,找到適合自己的甜度,咖啡加糖的目的是要緩和苦味,可以依據糖的份量多寡,去創造出完全不同的味道。

(1)糖粉:

它是屬於一種精製糖,沒有什麼特殊味道,易於溶解,通常以5~8克的小包裝便於使用。價格較一般糖稍高些。

(2)方糖:

為精製糖加水,而後將它凝固成塊狀。方糖保存很方便,且易溶解速度快。

(3)白砂糖:

白砂糖亦屬精製糖,它是粗粒結晶固體,色白。市面多以8克小包裝以便每次使用。

(4)黑砂糖:

這是一種褐色砂糖,有點焦味,普通用於愛爾蘭咖啡的調製。

(5)冰糖:

呈透明結晶狀,甜味較淡,且不易溶解。通常已磨成細顆粒方便用於咖啡或加味茶等飲品。

(6)咖啡糖:

專門用於咖啡的糖,為咖啡色的砂糖或方糖,與其他的糖比較,咖啡糖留在舌頭上的甜味更持久。

 

(二)自製美味香濃的咖啡

1、摩卡咖啡

摩卡咖啡在小巧的杯中,顯出濃厚的紐約風味。

【配製方法】:

在杯中加入巧克力糖漿20毫升和很濃的深煎炒咖啡,攪拌均勻,加入1大匙奶油浮在上面,削一些巧克力茉作裝飾,最後再添加一些肉桂。

 

2、摩卡薄荷咖啡

在冷奶油上倒上溫咖啡,冷奶油浮起,成冷甜奶油,它下面的咖啡是熱的,不加攪拌讓它們保持各自的不同溫度,喝起來很有意思。

這是美國人愛好的巧克力薄荷味咖啡,薄荷味和咖啡相稱地調和釀造出來。

【配製方法】:

在杯中依次加入20克巧克力、深煎炒的咖啡、1小匙白薄荷,再加1大匙奶油浮在上面,削上一些巧克力茉,最後裝飾一片薄荷葉即成。

 

3、卡布奇諾

顏色好像意大利修道士戴的頭巾,所以定名為卡布奇諾(加奶油塊咖啡)。 伴有肉桂,再淋上檸檬汁,顯示出複雜的風味。

【配製方法】:

把深煎炒的咖啡預先加熱,倒入小咖啡杯裡,加2小匙砂糖,再加1大匙奶油浮在上面,淋上檸檬汁或橙汁,用肉桂棒代替小匙插入杯中。

 

4、混合咖啡

將等量的咖啡和牛奶混合在一起,成為維也納風味的牛奶咖啡。

【配製方法】:

先在杯中加入稍深煎炒的咖啡,將等量的牛奶倒入奶鍋,用小火煮沸,起泡前加入奶油,不要等泡沫消失就倒在咖啡。

 

5、椰子汁加奶油塊的咖啡

帶有椰子芳香味的香味咖啡,椰子的香味很強烈

【配製方法】:

先在杯中滴上2滴椰子香精,注入深煎炒的咖啡和煮沸的牛奶60毫升,再加一匙奶油浮在上面,撒上一些熟椰子茉作裝飾即可。

 

6、如何沖泡香醇美味的即溶咖啡

一般的即溶咖啡,則要再用點心才可。在放有溫牛奶的鍋中,倒入適量的咖啡粉(一人份約2-3g),再注入煮沸的開水(一人份140cc),點火加熱。稍微沸騰之後,馬上將火關掉,如此一來,可以消除即溶咖啡特有的異味,使咖啡更為好喝。

若需加糖或牛奶時,最先加糖,才能使咖啡更有口感。

 

四、沖泡一杯美味咖啡的小秘訣

 

最後,總結沖泡一杯美味咖啡的小秘訣如下 :

(1)用最新鮮的咖啡豆。

最好是在沖泡之前才研磨。

(2)用新鮮的水。

某些地區可能要用過濾的或瓶裝的水,避免用沒有過濾的水。

(3)要正確的使用研磨機。

研磨得太細,泡出的咖啡會有苦味;太粗泡出的咖啡會比較淡。

(4)用標準的咖啡置量。

通常,在西方國家中常見的咖啡粉與水的比例是15~30毫克咖啡粉(一到二湯匙):300毫升水(六盎司)。咖啡愛好者們常常取這個比例的上限;但此用量可以根據個人的口味和經驗來調整。並請注意根據咖啡粉的粗細程度作適當調整。

(5)水的溫度最好是剛好低於沸點攝氏93度。

適當的水溫也至關重要。水溫的選擇和沖煮器具、咖啡豆種、咖啡豆烘焙程度有關,水溫過低,咖啡豆中的風味不能充分提取出來;水溫過高,萃取過度,口味惡化而常常偏苦。

(6)沖泡時間最好是在4-6分鐘之內完成。

使用「手沖法」最好是在4-6分鐘之內完成;使用「摩卡壺」和「虹吸式賽風壺」沖泡法,都可以在 4 分鐘內完成沖泡;使用「電動循環濾機」沖泡時間請勿超過 6 分鐘的沖泡法,沖泡時間過久咖啡會產生苦味。

此外,如果水經過咖啡粉只一次,成品中將主要包含易溶物質(包括咖啡因);如果水循環多次經過咖啡粉(像常見的循環濾機一樣),咖啡豆中那些不怎麼易溶的物質也會進入成品,導致味道偏苦,這種方法因而不被發燒友看好。

 

提醒大家,持續加熱會破壞沏好的咖啡的風味,因此對沏好的咖啡進行保溫,也常常成為敗筆;而降解在室溫下也會發生,所以, “趁熱喝”才是品嚐美味咖啡的必要條件。

 

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