咖啡豆採收及加工
楊惟婷
一、咖啡豆的採收
從咖啡的主要生產國家中，我們可以發覺，咖啡的產地幾乎都在低廉勞工較多的國家，所以，不難看出，咖啡豆的採收過程需要耗用相當大的人力。
沒錯，咖啡的採收十分的辛苦，需要相當大的人力，特別是許多高質量的咖啡裡，只能摘採咖啡樹上完全成熟的紅色櫻桃狀的咖啡樹果實才能製成高品質的咖啡，也正因為這樣，由於所有咖啡樹的紅色櫻桃狀果實並不是在同一時間成熟的，所以還需要人工分階次回到同一棵樹去摘採咖啡樹的紅色櫻桃狀果實。
此外，摘採下的咖啡果實還需要加工的程序。
一般來說，咖啡生豆的加工方式可以分成兩種方式，一種是水洗式，另一種是乾燥式。
1、水洗式：
顧名思義是用水洗篩選的一種方式，先將收成的咖啡果實的果肉除去；
再將除去果肉的咖啡果實浸泡在一個盛滿水的水槽裡，經過一定的發酵處理；
發酵過後的咖啡豆倒出，再以清水洗過，然後排除多餘的水分，放到陽光下曬乾或是用機器烘乾；
最後再用咖啡豆專用的脫殼機將果肉及果皮除去，即成生咖啡豆。
2、乾燥法：
比起水洗法，乾燥法相較之下就比較簡單一些，是將收成過後的咖啡果實鋪在當地的曝曬場兩個星期，每天以人工用耙掃過咖啡豆數次，讓咖啡豆可以乾燥的比較均勻；
當果實曬乾之後，咖啡豆會與外皮分開，這時再用脫殼機將乾調的果肉果皮去除即可。
這兩種生產方法各有利弊，但是都可以生產出優質的咖啡豆，一般來說，水洗式生產的咖啡豆會有比較鮮明的酸度，生產的品質也較為一致；乾燥式的咖啡酸度就比水洗式要來的低，風味也呈現比較多元化。
二、咖啡豆的加工
咖啡豆的主要加工流程包括：
（一）去皮：
利用機械、人手或其他方式，將果皮與大多數的果肉去除。
（二）發酵：
藉由發酵去除果核外的黏液跟薄膜，由於發酵的時間長短會影響咖啡的風味，因此每家廠商都有各自的發酵時間。
（三）乾燥：
乾燥法主要分成天然日曬及自然風乾。過高的含水量容易造成咖啡生豆發霉及長蟲。含水量過高也會造成咖啡的酸度偏高。
（四）烘焙：
咖啡生豆透過烘焙，可以釋放出咖啡特殊的香味，每一顆咖啡豆蘊藏其酸味、甜味、苦味、香味。
從生豆、淺焙、中焙到深焙，水分一次次釋放，重量減輕，體積卻慢慢膨脹鼓起，咖啡豆的顏色加深，芬芳的油質逐漸釋放出來，質地也變得爽脆。
在生豆中，蘊涵大量的氯酸，隨著烘焙的過程，氯酸會逐漸消失，釋放出令人熟悉而愉悅的水果酸，如醋酸、檸檬酸和葡萄酒中所含的蘋果酸。
1、淺焙：
當豆子迸發出第一聲輕響，體積同時膨脹，顏色轉變為可口的肉桂色。酸性主導了淺焙豆子的風味，質感和口感都尚未充分發揮，一般做為罐裝咖啡使用。
2、中焙：
咖啡豆呈現出優雅的褐色。這種烘焙的方法又叫city roast。中焙能保存咖啡豆的原味，又可適度釋放芳香，因此牙買加的藍山、哥倫比亞、巴西等單品咖啡，多選擇這種烘焙方法。在20分鐘時，油脂開始浮出表面，豆子被烈火燙燒出油亮的深褐色，稱為full-city roast，這時咖啡的酸、甜、苦味達到最完美的平衡點。
3、深焙：
咖啡豆的顏色越深，風味也更甘甜香醇，這時油脂已化為焦糖，苦盡回甘，餘味無窮，最適合醞釀強勁的義大利特濃咖啡Espresso style coffee，所以又稱為義式烘焙法。對咖啡因敏感的人，不妨選用深焙的豆子，因為在深焙的過程中，咖啡因會慢慢的逸失，所以越深焙的豆子，其咖啡因的含量越是低，一杯特濃咖啡中的咖啡因含量，只有其他中焙咖啡的一半。
種類和產地
另外，值得一提，在絕氧的環境中，咖啡才可以在室溫下長期保存。所以，您在商店的貨架上，往往見到密封包裝的咖啡。
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