破窗效應
楊惟雯
一、「破窗理論」（Broken Windows Theory）由來
美國Stanford大學心理學家辛巴杜（Philip Zimbardo）曾在1969年在美國加州做過這樣一項試驗：他找來兩輛一模一樣的汽車，一輛停在比較雜亂的街區，一輛停在中產階級社區。他把停在雜亂街區的那一輛的車牌摘掉，頂棚打開，結果一天之內就被人偷走了。
而擺在中產階級社區的那一輛過了一個星期也安然無恙。後來，辛巴杜用鐵錘把擺在中產階級社區的這輛車的玻璃敲了個大洞。結果，僅僅過了幾個小時，它就不見了。
威爾森（James Q. Wilson）和凱林（George L. Kelling）兩個研究犯罪學家依循這項試驗，於1982年提出了「破窗理論」（Broken Windows Theory）。
破窗理論認為：如果有人打壞了一個建築物的窗戶玻璃，而這扇窗戶又未得到及時維修，當窗戶破了沒人修理，路人經過後一定認為這個地區是沒人關心，沒人會管事，別人就可能受到暗示性的縱容去打爛更多的窗戶玻璃。因此引發更多人打破其他的窗戶，於是從這棟大樓開始蔓延到整條街，擴散到其他鄰近街道。久而久之，這些破窗戶就給人造成一種無序的感覺。
二、勿以惡小而為之
以前紐約市有一個特殊景觀：「洗車流氓」，這是一些地痞守在路口或塞車的區域，朝著你的擋風玻璃隨便噴兩下，再拿把破布或報紙擦一下，就向你要「服務費」。不給就踹門或是吐口水，常常把人嚇一跳，特別是對觀光客而言。這對大眾的心理和對紐約市的觀感有非常負面的影響。而紐約市長朱利安尼是怎麼著手進行整頓？
對處理這問題，當時有很多意見，大家都認為不可行，或是不必要。長久以來，大家認為這種行為充其量只是不好，法也無明文說這是犯罪行為；就算有，也不是什麼大不了的罪，反正「微罪不舉」嘛！而且，紐約市兇殺案很多，不需要把珍貴的警力放在這種「小事」上。不過朱利安尼堅持，並且認為要整頓紐約市治安就是要從抓所謂「洗車流氓」等的「小事」開始。
在朱利安尼的堅持下，紐約警務處研究發現，雖說沒有明確法令可以處罰他們的「洗車」行為，但是他們確實也違反了交通法規，而所謂的「洗車流氓」其實也只有僅僅180人而已，就這樣，紐約警察開始從這件「小事」著手，不到一個月，「洗車流氓」幾乎銷聲匿跡，市民稱慶，而觀光客也回流。
另外，紐約市在八十年代的時候，真是無處不搶，無日不殺，大白天走在馬路上也會害怕。地鐵更不用說了，車廂髒亂，到處塗滿了穢句，坐在地鐵裡，人人自危。
紐約市就是運用「破窗效應」的理論，先改善犯罪的環境，使人們不易犯罪，再慢慢緝兇捕盜，回歸秩序。
當時這個做法雖然被人罵為緩不濟急，「船都要沈了還在洗甲板」，但是紐約市還是從維護地鐵車廂乾淨著手，並將不買車票白搭車的人用手銬銬住排成一列站在月台上（這裡可是民權至上的美國喲！），公開向民眾宣示政府整頓的決心。
之後，警察發現人們果然比較不會在乾淨的場合犯罪，又發現抓逃票很有收穫，因為每七名逃票的人中就有一名是通緝犯，二十名中就有一名攜帶武器，因此警察願意很認真地去抓逃票，這使得歹徒不敢逃票，出門不敢帶武器，以免得不償失、因小失大。這樣紐約市的治安就從最小地方著手，而獲得很大改善。
三、管理的魔鬼藏在細節裡
剛開始時從小處著手，很容易會讓大家覺得緩不濟急；不過往往這是最有效也是最根本的方法。但紐約市就是從最小、最容易的地方著手，而打破了犯罪環結（chain），使這個惡性循環無法繼續下去。
「破窗理論」中的「破窗」，只是一種比喻，凡低層次犯罪或行為不檢、違反公共秩序（如隨地亂丟垃圾、牆壁塗鴉、飆車、大聲喧嘩）等，如乏人關心，此種縱容低度犯罪或小小的失序行為，將會蔓延引發更重大的犯行，此即所謂「犯罪升級效應」。
例如，一個很乾淨的地方，人會不好意思丟垃圾，但是一旦地上有垃圾出現之後，人就會毫不猶疑的拋，絲毫不覺羞愧。
同樣，一面牆，如果出現一些塗鴉沒有清洗掉，很快的，牆上就佈滿了亂七八糟，不堪入目的東西。那麼在這種公眾麻木不仁的氛圍中，犯罪就會滋生、蔓延。
事實上，這些「小錯」與「不良習慣」，長期易成犯罪的温床。
「破窗理論」提醒我們「勿以善小而不為，勿以惡小而為之」的觀念，因為姑息足以養奸，唯有小處著手，才能防範於未然。
台灣有句俚語：「小時偷摘瓠，長大偷牽牛」，即有異曲同工之妙。
所以，好的企業文化，也必須靠每一個員工從平日小細節中來維護，職場中的「破窗」少一點，則組織氣候的團結與和諧就會多一點。
微信 
留言列表（848条）
Definitely believe that which you stated. Your favorite reason seemed to be on the internet the simplest thing to be aware of. I say to you, I definitely get irked while people think about worries that they plainly do not know about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top as well as defined out the whole thing without having side-effects , people could take a signal. Will likely be back to get more. Thanks
Excellent blog here! Also your website loads up fast! What web host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host? I wish my site loaded up as quickly as yours lol
Great ? I should certainly pronounce, impressed with your web site. I had no trouble navigating through all tabs as well as related information ended up being truly simple to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it in the least. Reasonably unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or something, site theme . a tones way for your client to communicate. Excellent task..
I used to be able to find good information from your blog articles.
I must thank you for the efforts you have put in writing this blog. I’m hoping to view the same high-grade blog posts from you later on as well. In truth, your creative writing abilities has motivated me to get my own site now 😉
Thanks for your thoughts. One thing I’ve got noticed is banks and also financial institutions know the spending behaviors of consumers while also understand that plenty of people max outside their own credit cards around the vacations. They sensibly take advantage of that fact and begin flooding your current inbox plus snail-mail box by using hundreds of Zero APR card offers immediately after the holiday season comes to an end. Knowing that in case you are like 98 in the American community, you’ll rush at the opportunity to consolidate personal credit card debt and switch balances towards 0 rate credit cards.
One more thing I would like to say is that rather than trying to suit all your online degree programs on times that you finish work (as most people are worn out when they get home), try to get most of your sessions on the week-ends and only a few courses for weekdays, even if it means taking some time away from your weekend break. This pays off because on the saturdays and sundays, you will be far more rested plus concentrated upon school work. Thanks for the different guidelines I have learned from your website.
Oh my goodness! Incredible article dude! Thank you, However I am experiencing problems with your RSS. I don’t know the reason why I am unable to join it. Is there anyone else getting similar RSS problems? Anybody who knows the answer will you kindly respond? Thanks!
Wow! This blog looks exactly like my old one! It’s on a entirely different topic but it has pretty much the same layout and design. Outstanding choice of colors!
Great post! We will be linking to this particularly great article on our website. Keep up the great writing.
It?s really a nice and helpful piece of info. I am satisfied that you shared this helpful information with us. Please stay us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.
We are offering Concrete Parking Lot Contractor, Concrete Installation Contractor Service, warehouse flooring, commercial, and industrial concrete roadways.
Hi, I do think this is a great website. I stumbledupon it 😉 I may return once again since I book-marked it. Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and continue to guide other people.
Next time I read a blog, I hope that it does not fail me as much as this one. I mean, I know it was my choice to read, but I really believed you’d have something useful to talk about. All I hear is a bunch of complaining about something that you can fix if you were not too busy looking for attention.
hello!,I like your writing so much! share we communicate more about your post on AOL? I require an expert on this area to solve my problem. May be that’s you! Looking forward to see you.
Having read this I thought it was rather informative. I appreciate you spending some time and effort to put this short article together. I once again find myself spending a significant amount of time both reading and leaving comments. But so what, it was still worth it!
I blog quite often and I seriously appreciate your content. This article has truly peaked my interest. I’m going to book mark your blog and keep checking for new information about once per week. I subscribed to your RSS feed too.
Thank you so much for sharing this wonderful post with us.
It?s actually a great and helpful piece of information. I am glad that you shared this helpful info with us. Please keep us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing.
Very good information. Lucky me I found your blog by chance (stumbleupon). I have book-marked it for later.
This is a really good tip especially to those new to the blogosphere. Brief but very precise information… Many thanks for sharing this one. A must read post.
Normally I do not learn article on blogs, however I wish to say that this write-up very forced me to take a look at and do it! Your writing style has been surprised me. Thanks, quite nice article.
It is indeed my belief that mesothelioma is actually the most fatal cancer. It has unusual features. The more I actually look at it the more I am assured it does not work like a true solid tissue cancer. In the event mesothelioma is actually a rogue virus-like infection, then there is the chance for developing a vaccine and also offering vaccination to asbestos exposed people who are at high risk with developing upcoming asbestos connected malignancies. Thanks for giving your ideas on this important health issue.
This is a topic that is near to my heart… Thank you! Where are your contact details though?
Greetings! Very useful advice within this post! It’s the little changes that produce the greatest changes. Thanks a lot for sharing!
Woah! I’m really digging the template/theme of this blog. It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it’s difficult to get that “perfect balance” between superb usability and visual appeal. I must say you’ve done a great job with this. In addition, the blog loads extremely fast for me on Safari. Excellent Blog!
This is the right webpage for anybody who wants to understand this topic. You realize so much its almost tough to argue with you (not that I actually would want to…HaHa). You definitely put a brand new spin on a topic that has been written about for many years. Great stuff, just wonderful.
Your style is really unique compared to other folks I have read stuff from. Thank you for posting when you have the opportunity, Guess I will just book mark this web site.
Right here is the perfect site for anyone who hopes to understand this topic. You realize a whole lot its almost hard to argue with you (not that I really would want to…HaHa). You certainly put a new spin on a subject which has been discussed for many years. Great stuff, just wonderful.
Hello are using WordPress for your site platform? I’m new to the blog world but I’m trying to get started and create my own. Do you need any html coding expertise to make your own blog? Any help would be greatly appreciated!
I think this is among the most significant info for me. And i’m glad reading your article. But wanna remark on some general things, The website style is ideal, the articles is really excellent : D. Good job, cheers
I must applaud your talent for simplifying complex topics. Your ability to convey intricate ideas in such a relatable manner is admirable. You’ve made learning enjoyable and accessible for many, and I deeply appreciate that.
This article is a true game-changer! Your practical tips and well-thought-out suggestions hold incredible value. I’m eagerly anticipating implementing them. Thank you not only for sharing your expertise but also for making it accessible and easy to apply.
I am continually impressed by your ability to delve into subjects with grace and clarity. Your articles are both informative and enjoyable to read, a rare combination. Your blog is a valuable resource, and I am sincerely grateful for it.
Your storytelling prowess is nothing short of extraordinary. Reading this article felt like embarking on an adventure of its own. The vivid descriptions and engaging narrative transported me, and I eagerly await to see where your next story takes us. Thank you for sharing your experiences in such a captivating manner.
It?s actually a great and helpful piece of information. I am glad that you shared this useful info with us. Please stay us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.
I couldn’t agree more with the insightful points you’ve articulated in this article. Your profound knowledge on the subject is evident, and your unique perspective adds an invaluable dimension to the discourse. This is a must-read for anyone interested in this topic.
I’ve discovered a treasure trove of knowledge in your blog. Your unwavering dedication to offering trustworthy information is truly commendable. Each visit leaves me more enlightened, and I deeply appreciate your consistent reliability.
You’re so cool! I don’t think I’ve read through something like that before. So wonderful to find somebody with genuine thoughts on this subject matter. Seriously.. thanks for starting this up. This site is one thing that is needed on the internet, someone with some originality.
I used to be able to find good information from your content.
Your dedication to sharing knowledge is unmistakable, and your writing style is captivating. Your articles are a pleasure to read, and I consistently come away feeling enriched. Thank you for being a dependable source of inspiration and information.
This article is a true game-changer! Your practical tips and well-thought-out suggestions hold incredible value. I’m eagerly anticipating implementing them. Thank you not only for sharing your expertise but also for making it accessible and easy to apply.
I really love your blog.. Excellent colors & theme. Did you make this site yourself? Please reply back as I’m attempting to create my very own website and want to learn where you got this from or just what the theme is called. Kudos!
You’ve made some decent points there. I checked on the net to find out more about the issue and found most individuals will go along with your views on this web site.
Thank you for sharing indeed great looking !
Spot on with this write-up, I honestly feel this amazing site needs a lot more attention. I’ll probably be back again to see more, thanks for the info.
bouncing ball 8
I’m in awe of the author’s ability to make complicated concepts accessible to readers of all backgrounds. This article is a testament to his expertise and passion to providing helpful insights. Thank you, author, for creating such an engaging and enlightening piece. It has been an absolute pleasure to read!
This website was… how do I say it? Relevant!! Finally I have found something which helped me. Thanks a lot.
Valuable info. Lucky me I found your web site by accident, and I’m shocked why this accident didn’t happened earlier! I bookmarked it.