害怕錯過開啟邪惡第五波

害怕錯過開啟邪惡第五波

2home.co  楊惟婷

 

楔子、春風又煞江南岸

 

「在別人恐懼時,你要貪婪;在別人貪婪時,你要懂得恐懼。」這是股神巴菲特的名言。
誠如巴菲特所言,在股海中征戰,只有戰勝內心的貪婪與恐懼,才能成為股市大贏家。

 

一、邪惡第五波的考驗

 

過去數年,每逢股市修正,總有人疾呼空頭即將到來……。
但由於各國央行不斷QE,讓市場錢滿為患,所以即使所有基本面分析指標不斷示警,各國股市仍看回不回,亦即仗勢QE不止、資金行情水漲船高、強渡關山、一波攻頂。

 

若依艾略特波浪理論來看,它將每個股市週期分為多頭與空頭,前者由五波構成,後者由三波組成。以多頭來說,通常五波上漲為主趨勢,第一波是初升段,第三波是主升段,第五波是末升段。其中,多頭最後一波常被戲稱為邪惡第五波,因為如果不能即時下車,恐讓先前漲幅付之一炬。

 

一般來說,初升段的特癥就是沒人相信、人人喊賣,通常會配合量價背離,地就是股價漲成交量卻變小,權值股不再破底,但是漲勢蹣跚,進三退二,讓大家常以為要破低點,卻每次都沒破,而且低點一次比一次墊高。

 

而主升段的特癥是盤面上所有股票都會漲,從權值股到小股都會飆,而不一定每天漲停,但是漲不停。凡遇修正都是小修正,甚至盤中洗盤換手就交待過去。檯面上出現漲倍股。

 

另外,末升段又叫第五波,特癥是權值股不再創新高、小股狂飆、類股輪動快速、融資爆增、個股常出現開高走低爆量。進入邪惡第五波,基本面選股派不上用場。

 

但為什麼說第五波是邪惡的?
1、就是因為沒人知道第五波會漲到哪裡,它可能不斷出現延長波、再延伸,大盤明明是處在相對危險的高點,但是也許再往上漲個一千點也說不定,你賣了就漲、每天漲不停。
2、且邪惡第5波之所以邪惡,是它的複雜性更較其他上升波有過之而無不及,在這個波動裡,投機與投資並存,績優的股票可能續漲,投機的股票則是滾量上去,
3、第5波中有很多各自矛盾的現象,即市場熱度雖高,但創新高股、做頭股並存,成交量未必會增加,量價背離反而常常出現,最大特色是個股差異很大,尤其小股票則走得又快又猛、甚至可能每天漲停,漲到你懷疑人生、但一旦受不了去追就是要掛點的時候,十分邪惡。

 

例如,最近台股盤勢來到17000點,但仍每天漲、利多不斷,致放空和空手朋友的怨念加起來已經足以開拍咒怨第五集了,或許,這就是江湖傳說中的邪惡第五波。目前,市場焦點都在會不會站上17000點?17000點上能站多久?由於這一波指數已累積相當的漲幅,就波浪來看,似有進入第5波的跡象,尤其若屬邪惡第5波又該怎麼操作?

 

在此值得一提,波浪理論最大的迷思是,它可以重新調整。例如,如果這波多頭持續延伸,目前也有可能重新定義為第三波。此外,因每個人選擇的時間與角度不同,也有不同波浪的認定。因此,就此判定熊市何時降臨,恐人云亦云。

 

所以,除非是積極型股民,此處還可以設好停損去追高,或許可以再賺個幾十啪。但若未善設停損去追高,或許也可以賠個幾十啪。因此,對保守型股民來說,吾人建議你等到下次修正到好價位再進場會比較好,才是明哲保身。

重要的提醒:如果你沒有把握或是只是單純看不順眼的話,不要在末升段去放空,十分危險,盤勢就算要跌、也會把空單都軋死才跌,不要不信邪。

 

二、害怕錯過 (FOMO) 打開潘朵拉邪惡第五波

 

你聽過「害怕錯過」焦慮症(FOMO現象)嗎?

FOMO現象(Fear of Missing Out, FOMO),通常指的是害怕會錯過社交媒體上發生的事情,例如,活動和八卦(如你的朋友圈裡經常充斥著你吃不到的美食,去不了的美景,趕不及的party和促銷季,從而感覺自己的生活大不如人家),從而產生焦慮和煩惱… ,現在因為繁忙的工作安排,巨大的生活壓力,此現象越來越普遍了。

 

而在這個金錢充斥的年代,投資人也開始害怕錯過行情,從而產生焦慮和煩惱的情緒、壓力!尤其,近年來股市持續資金行情漲潮,投資人也出現害怕錯過行情( FOMO)的焦慮和煩惱而瘋狂追高,這對市場長期而言並不是個健康現象。

 

其實,「害怕錯過行情」,用另一個詞彙來形容就是「貪婪」。當前市場中,這種「貪婪」情緒絕對存在。諾貝爾經濟學獎得主Paul Krugman表示,目前市場處於狂熱(mania)之中,主要是受到投資者「害怕錯過(Fear of Missing Out, FOMO)」的情緒所致。

 

目前全球股市升勢不止,根源於Fed的一波波貨幣寬鬆政策。
但當「害怕錯過」成為推升股市的重要因素,這不是一個好的癥兆。因為,「害怕錯失 (fear of missing out)」即是「想一夕致富的貪婪」。因全球政府開始逐步放鬆封城、復工,疫情帶來的限制正在減少,這種前景激發了投資人壓抑後的過度樂觀情緒,都想押注「一夕致富」。

但過度樂觀的結果,往往會導致過度槓桿操作,接著亢龍有悔。因為,一旦升勢結束,投資人可能過度暴露於「高度槓桿的下行風險」中,而受到傷害。

 

三、融資餘額再創新高,暗示散戶「害怕錯過」蜂湧進場

 

近期台股屢屢出現融資餘額創高現象,4/9融資餘額已來到2401億元,顯示散戶終於按奈不住、蜂湧進場,因為散戶相信股市仍有QE強勁的資金浪潮作為後盾。「害怕錯過」(FOMO) 乃成為押注「一夕致富」的動力,投資人都想在債券殖利率偏低之際,投資股票大撈一筆。

 

根據美國金融監管局 (FINRA) 公布的最新數據顯示,美股的融資餘額 (margin debt) 也正以破紀錄的速度上升。例如截至2021年2月底,投資人在他們的投資組合中借入創新紀錄的8140億美元,較2020年同期暴增49%,也是自2007年以來最快增速,這一發展也格外令人擔心。

 

回顧在2000年及2008年股市的動盪時期,融資餘額的高點都先於股市崩跌出現。這一情況很容易理解,因融資可以讓投資人進行更多投資,然而一旦抵押物的價值降至一定的水準以下,他們則會面臨保證金追繳,需要投入更多的資金,或是被迫賣股求現,這可能會加大股市的跌勢。亦即,融資餘額助長了牛市,也加劇了熊市,在某種程度上造就了「非理性繁榮」。

 

另美國商品期貨交易委員會 (CFTC) 也警告,短線投機性交易總是有風險,如果對金融産品和市場不熟悉,又過度使用槓桿,最終很有可能釀成災難。

 

四、期貨交易員押注比特幣上漲,暗示交易員「害怕錯過」高槓桿押注

 

芝加哥商品交易所 (CME) 3/30 日公布,將推出新的比特幣衍生產品,幫助投資者可以用更小單位交易,新產品仍待監管單位批准。

芝商所預計於5月3日推出的新產品,名為微型比特幣期貨 (Micro Bitcoin)。
據 CoinTelegraph 報導,這一期貨合約每口價值為 0.1BTC,遠低於目前芝商所每口規模5枚比特幣的標準比特幣期貨。

對於新的期貨選擇,芝商所全球股票指數和另類投資產品主管 Tim McCourt 表示,微型比特幣期貨的推出,直接回應了眾多客戶對小型合約的需求,新產品將為參與者提供更多選擇,提高他們的交易精準度,幫助他們以透明、有效的方式,交易受監管的比特幣期貨。故這一消息被視為利多,激勵比特幣價格繼續逼近6萬美元。

 

再依《Zero Hedge》指出,由近期期貨押注狀況,交易員開始在看漲期權建立更大的部位,並押注在4月底前,比特幣價格將超過8萬美元,超前進行了布局。

 

但根據數據聚合網站Skew表示,比特幣期權交易者可能有點過於樂觀。
依此平台分析,比特幣屆時達到8萬美元的可能性僅6.19%,突破10萬美元的機率僅 2.15%。

 

五、Archegos事件,暗示投資機構也「害怕錯過」all-in了

 

3/26日前老虎基金操盤手Bill Hwang主導的家族基金Archegos Capital未能履行追加的保證金,爆發「爆倉事件」,遭強制清出多家中概股與美媒體股票,價值高達200億美元,連帶造成瑞信、野村證券、高盛與摩根士丹利等銀行受波及,此事件造成總規模高達100億美元的鉅額交易損失。

 

此「爆倉事件」,也造成「華爾街金童」美籍韓裔操盤人Bill Hwang(身價曾高達300億美元),在兩天內輸光全部身家200億美元。

事件起因Bill Hwang利用高槓桿借來的巨資,用衍生工具做五倍的槓桿價差交易,重押幾檔美國上市的中概股,賭股價上漲,卻沒想到股價被殺個措手不及,讓他操盤的基金被清算、一夕破產,200億美元財富兩天內蒸發。這是現代金融史上最引人注目的破產案例:沒有一個人可以如此迅速虧掉這麼多錢。

 

由於股價被殺個措手不及,讓他無力追繳保證金,高盛、摩根士丹利等投資銀行乃被迫認賠出清200億美元的股票部位,使股價大跌。也使Hwang的金主瑞信大虧47億美元,日本野村虧損約20億美元。

 

此Archegos爆倉事件,留給投資人五個警惕:

1、首先是勿過度槓桿操作。
過多使用負債往往帶來風暴。槓桿可以讓千萬富翁變成億萬富翁,也可以變成窮人,根據國際清算銀行 (BIS) 預估,美國民間部門信貸已經超過國內生產毛額 (GDP) 的160%,是2008年金融危機以來首見。

 

愈多的負債代表借貸者的應變能力愈弱。尤其,美國企業債務在2020年夏天已經達到相當於GDP的84% 新高水準,限制了企業面臨經濟衝擊或再融資壓力的能力。以上金額還沒有把避險基金的借貸算進去。

 

2、第二是高股價是最大利空。
有些人可能以為高股價是好事,但放款者通常遇到景氣不好就會縮手,股價若從高點下跌,可能帶來信貸緊縮的痛苦。

 

例如1998 年的長期資本管理公司 (LTCM) 倒閉,使許多銀行面臨破產威脅,當時許多避險基金都擠進相同策略,並被同樣的市場意外波動所淘汰。

眼前,雖然只是單一基金斷頭事件,但風險在於,避險基金都押注通膨和高投機科技股。

 

3、擁擠的倉位會互相踩踏。
市場看好「通貨再膨脹」交易,有志一同押注美國經濟復甦將帶動公債殖利率上升、股票上漲。但一旦中間出了任何差錯,很多人會來不及應變。

尤其,避險基金重押微軟、蘋果和風險更高的特殊目的收購公司 (SPAC)。

 

4、衍生性商品有隱藏潛在風險的貓膩。
銀行被 Archegos 吸引的原因之一,是該基金使用「總報酬交換合約」(totalreturn swap) 建立對 Viacom等股票的部位,而非利用貸款直接買進股票。由於美國的揭露機制設計不完善,Archegos 掩蓋了在總報酬交換合約的龐大投資部位,使銀行無法得知其他債務。

 

5、華爾街正放任CFD等高槓桿操作,若押錯方向則全市場恐爆系統風險。

在Archegos爆倉事件逐步明朗之後,人們了解到Archegos 所用的槓桿大部分為野村控股和瑞信集團等銀行提供,其透過互換或所謂的差價合約 (Contract For Difference,簡稱 CFD) 提供的。

 

雖然此次爆倉事件雖避開了系統性災難,但這次爆雷卻凸顯了槓桿一旦出錯,可能引發的嚴重後果。

因為CFD 這種金融衍生工具,是買家和賣家之間的一種合約,不涉及標的資產的交換,而是交易合約價和結算價之間的差額。意味着,Archegos 可以在不實際購買這些公司股票下,建立大量部位。若有實際買入的股票,就會掛在投資銀行的資產負債表中。

 

股票經紀銀行之所以掉以輕心,是因為他們相信,必要時可以拋售股票自保。但他們沒有警覺到,要是所有人都不得不做這樣的拋售時,所要求的抵押品可能完全不足以負擔。

 

隨著美股飆漲至新高,同樣地,在券商也存在一個趨勢令人擔憂,即美股的融資餘額 (margin debt) 也正以破紀錄的速度激增,2月底達到8140億美元的歷史新高。人們總是常識性地看一眼,然後就認定保證金債務的水準是正常的,而忽視警告信號。但是,這是自1931年以來最大的增幅之一。

 

過去幾年由於處於牛市中,流動性充裕,很容易讓人變得過度自信,而投資人在「害怕錯過行情」的投機狂熱情緒下,更容易放鬆警惕、進行高槓桿的期權交易。這種債務的過度槓桿和持續押注,對未來而言已經成為一個幽靈咒怨。

 

六、市場「融漲」,何時亢龍有悔?

 

1、空頭翻多叫「融漲」

 

想想美國前方的無數挑戰,如疫情仍未止穩、中美兩國對抗,更不用說拜登提高企業稅會企業獲利衰退可能引發的大震撼,但美股依然故我,千山我獨行。

就算外界屢屢警告,「小心有熊出沒」,各國股市也依然持續攀升,並屢創歷史新高。更有分析師說,此即「融漲」現象。那何謂「融漲」?

 

由於市場相信美國經濟將強勁回升,讓多頭投資者的投資信心更凝聚。
另外,許多先前持懷疑態度的投資者也持續翻多,由於「害怕錯過行情」,加入這波行情時更全力押注,為強勁的漲勢繼續提供動力。

所以「融漲」現象即反映市場投資人處於「極度貪婪」的投資心態。這批投資人湧進股市,很大程度上只是因為看到股市不斷在上漲,只是不想錯過上漲機會,而非市場基本面已改善,如此,讓市場出現資產價格意外急遽上漲的現象,就稱作「融漲」。

所以,在股市推入「融漲」區域之後,反而是該令人恐懼的事。因為,股市不可能永遠漲不停,股市大漲後,最後仍是要接受基本面考驗。

這種強勁漲勢,一旦市場或全球經濟再面臨新衝擊,市場會突然大幅下挫。而加大看漲押注的投資者,也會為此類押注付出慘痛代價。

 

2、這不是狂熱,什麼才叫狂熱?

 

雖然資金流仍持續推動股市走高,但由美國銀行 (BofA) 提供數據顯示,受惠於超寬鬆貨幣政策和大規模財政刺激,全球股市狂熱蔓延不止。過去5個月以來,流入股票基金的資金規模已達近5,700億美元,一舉突破過去12年以來的總和,這不是狂熱,什麼才叫狂熱?

 

而且股市估值又處於1990年代末期網路泡沫以來的最高水平,標普500指數的預估本益比也接近22倍,故著實令人擔憂。

 

3、比起通膨,拜登加稅更令人戰慄

 

依RBC資本市場3月底進行的調查顯示,53% 投資人認為,拜登政府加稅計畫在未來四年將帶來「負面或相當負面」的影響,比率從2020年12月的僅21% 大幅上升。

 

RBC資本市場說,美股投資人最擔心的是貨幣政策,接下來是稅率和稅賦政策,再來才是通膨,拜登政策下的美股展望現在轉為偏悲觀一些。

從 1.9 兆美元紓困案到健全基礎建設計畫,拜登的財政刺激幫助美股衝上歷史新高,但隨著基建計畫細節浮現、加稅可能性提高,投資人樂觀情緒正下降。

稅務專家分析,如果拜登政府加稅,科技業、製藥業將首當其衝,這兩個是標普500指數最大類股。

 

更令人擔憂的因素之一,是本波股市上漲很大一部分集中在科技巨頭,如特斯拉、蘋果、亞馬遜、Alphabet和Facebook等科技股,它們是拜登提高企業稅的風暴中心。

高盛策略師則 3 月推估,如果拜登政府最初的加稅計畫完全付諸實行,2022年標普500成分股企業的獲利成長將減損多達9%。

 

白宮除了打算把企業稅率從21%提高到28%,還規劃調高美國企業海外所得稅率。美國財長葉倫表示,加稅計畫能在未來10多年收回美企在海外逾2兆美元的獲利,其中終結獎勵措施可使國庫進帳約7000億美元。

亦即,企業稅率將把錢,由企業的左口袋,轉移到拜登政府的右口袋,即便稅率最終設定為25%,只要當企業稅和個人稅率調高,股市通常不會有好的表現。尤其,美股本益比已經超過22倍,達到史上相對高的水準。

雖然,未來的財政刺激也能推升企業獲利,但有時間遞延。

 

4、葉倫的稅改計畫,堪比川普貿易戰

 

如果你期望在川普時代關稅戰和推特外交的大戲落幕後,拜登政府會在貿易問題上回歸正常,那麼美國財政部長葉倫可能有不同的想法。

 

葉倫4/5 日宣布期望達成全球最低公司稅率,這對「國際經濟秩序」造成的衝擊,幾乎可以與川普決定對中國發動貿易戰相提並論。

 

現代「全球化」企業獲利奠基在二個面向:

a、在損益表的上半部分,通過將製造業轉移到中國和勞動力成本較低的其他新興經濟體,企業削減了營運支出。

 

b、在損益表的下半部分,他們對稅項費用採取了同樣的做法,將利潤轉移到百慕大、英屬維爾京群島、開曼群島、愛爾蘭、荷蘭、盧森堡、新加坡和瑞士等低稅率地區。

 

現代跨國公司的盈利能力有很大一部分依賴於這兩項行動,例如,愛爾蘭最大的四家跨國公司分別是蘋果、Google 母公司 Alphabet、Facebook 和微軟在當地的子公司。如此,這對跨國公司利潤產生了重大助力。

 

事實上,愛爾蘭的稅率僅為12.5%,而開曼群島和英屬維爾京群島等地區根本不徵收企業利潤稅,故根據經合組織 (OECD) 2020年的一項研究,減少此類節稅行為的改革措施可給各國帶來每年約1000億美元的效益,其他組織估計的數字還要高得更多。

 

葉倫之所以力倡全球最低企業稅,可能是為了防止美企因加稅政策大舉外逃。葉倫嘗試解決這個問題是正確的,但要想取得進展,必須要全球政府採取集體行動。

 

雖然德國財政部長 Olaf Scholz 4/6 日表態支持葉倫的提議,稱上述提案為一大突破。但同時也補充道,協議必須包含對科技巨頭的跨境業務進行課數位稅。

 

七、跋尾——在貪婪與恐懼中跳舞

 

「在別人恐懼時,你要貪婪;在別人貪婪時,你要懂得恐懼。」這是股神巴菲特的名言。誠如巴菲特所言,在股海中征戰,只有戰勝內心的貪婪與恐懼,才能成為股市贏家。

 

因目前仍然錢滿為患、技術型態尚未轉空、市場籌碼仍穩定,所以波浪邪惡第五波何時結束?多頭派對何時結束?先不必過度臆測,但善設停損、停利。

 

從技術面來看,月線、季線與年線目前維持多頭排列,尚未破壞多頭格局,但已進入過熱區。因此,未來若股市仍回檔修正、但成交量未失控,讓乖離率適度回調,則可視為良性修正,才有機會展開下波景氣行情。反之,一旦市場出現爆量恐慌性賣壓、籌碼凌亂,則市場將經歷一段籌碼沈澱修正期。

 

再把時間拉到從前,你會發現許多有趣的現象,比如:
2000年發生網路泡沫化;2008年有次級房貸的問題;2020年1月份發生新冠疫情事件。
每隔10年就發生的修正相仿,好像換湯不換藥,那2021年波浪世紀大轉折是否仍有著歷史的規律?

 

由於QE扭曲10年景氣循環進程,但仍要小心邪惡第5波突然中挫,不要不信邪。未來值得注意的是通膨走勢是否讓10年公債殖利率挑戰2%,導致央行提早緊縮貨幣政策,進而影響投資人信心?或是,拜登政府的加稅計畫完全付諸實行?此時,又將上演一場貪婪與恐懼的博弈。

 

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