錫蘭紅茶
楊惟婷
【起源 】
「錫蘭紅茶」是對產自有綠色伊甸園之稱的斯里蘭卡紅茶的統稱。
「錫蘭」即為今日的「斯里蘭卡」，位於印度半島南部，原名語意為「光明富饒的樂土」、「充滿驚喜之地」。
「錫蘭王國」於1972 年更改國名，是世界著名的紅茶產地。錫蘭高地茶主要有烏沃茶（Uva）、汀布拉茶（Dimbulla）和努沃勒埃利耶茶。其中以烏沃茶是世界四大紅茶之一。
錫蘭紅茶始於1865年，在此之前錫蘭境內並無種植紅茶。
當時，因咖啡鏽蝕病的感染造成整個國家所種植的咖啡樹幾乎死亡，而後英國人James Taylor自中國引進紅茶茶樹，才正式開啟了紅茶在錫蘭的歷史，甚至對現今斯里蘭卡的經濟佔有一席之地。
現在，鍚蘭紅茶其總產量是世界第二位，成為斯里蘭卡一項重要的經濟支柱，故當地人將紅茶視為「綠色黃金」。
【產區概況】
斯里蘭卡是位於印度洋中的島國。
位於其國內中央山地中心位置的努瓦拉艾利雅（Nuwara Eliya），意為「光明之城」，海拔1889公尺，是斯里蘭卡最重要的紅茶產地與集散地。此地處熱帶，夏季平均氣溫約35度、冬季的平均氣溫30度，但因有高海拔的中央山脈，形成許多適合茶葉生長的丘陵與高山地形，斯里蘭卡的茶葉產區也就圍繞著中央山脈。
山嶽地帶的東側常年雲霧彌漫，由於冬季吹送的東北季風帶來較多的雨量（11月～次年2月），不利茶園生產，所以以7～9月收獲的茶品質最優。其中，以烏沃茶最著名。
西側則因為受到夏季（5—8月）西南季風帶來較多的雨量的影響，不利茶園生產，所以以1～3月收獲的茶品質最優。其中，以汀布拉茶和努沃勒埃利耶茶最著名。
百年來，斯里蘭卡境內已形成六個主要紅茶產區，六大產區因氣候、地形的不同，各自形成不同的特色。分別為烏沃、烏達普沙拉瓦、努瓦納愛利、盧哈納、坎迪、迪布拉等。
錫蘭紅茶因產區、季節與海拔高度的不同，其風味可謂變化萬千，其中，以烏沃所產的茶最具知名度，與中國祁門紅茶，印度的阿薩姆紅茶，以及大吉嶺紅茶有世界四大名茶之稱。
【製造方法】
斯里蘭卡的茶仍完全由手工採摘。由於空氣潔凈，為世上唯一不經清洗直接進入晾曬程序的紅茶。
高地茶又分為早茶(取茶尖上端葉子，味道略苦)和下午茶(取下端葉子，味道清淡)。
剛收回來的錫蘭紅茶茶菁，須置放通風處24小時，翻翻茶葉，隔開露水。但現在以吹風機代勞，縮短烘乾時間。然後經過轉動，讓茶葉捲起來、再經篩選(茶葉大小分級)、發酵(約三小時)，就可包裝外銷了，整個過程最快約需36小時。
由於生長在溫暖及潮濕的丘陵地帶及平原上，茶樹每7至8日都會長出新葉，而採茶的活動全年都可以進行，而其中在東部地方於7月下旬至8月下旬採摘，及在西部地區於2月上旬至3月中旬採摘的茶葉則選定為最上乘的茶葉。
錫蘭紅茶依摘採部位、生產成茶後經機器篩選，依大小或其外觀制定名稱，但名稱與茶葉品質無直接關係。茶葉分類主要循著二大類細分，其一為James Taylor最初所製全葉茶系統，另一則逐趨勢所需的碎葉茶系統。
錫蘭紅茶依其茶葉採摘和篩選過程，可區分出四種不同等級，分別為OP、FOP、BOP、BOPF等。
1、OP為最基礎級，指的是茶色呈現橙黃色的完整茶葉；
2、BOP(Broken Orange Pekoe)則是切碎的OP茶葉，最適合一般人用來沖泡的散茶；
3、FOP （Flowery Orange Pekoe)指的是採摘前端新長出仍捲成條狀之嫩葉部分製成的，為最高級的紅茶；
4、至於BOPF是指切的比散茶更細碎的茶葉，亦適合沖泡奶茶。
不管是哪一種，皆具有錫蘭紅茶的特色。
香氣極為纖細優雅的錫蘭紅茶，鑑別如下：
1、 包裝上的蘭卡茶葉局（Sri lanka Tea Board）頒發的唯一註冊號（最重要一點）；
2、 真假山寨獅王標誌 ；
3、 是否有製造商網站如帝堂錫蘭紅茶斯里蘭卡網站 ；
4、 是否斯里蘭卡當地市面有該品牌在售。
【特色 】
鍚蘭紅茶不像阿薩姆紅茶那麼渾厚。是一種生長於高地的中等強度的紅茶，帶有高度的收斂性。因為它的風味鮮明、柔和又收斂，錫蘭紅茶成為討喜的下午茶選擇。
錫蘭紅茶以烏沃茶最著名，產於山嶽地帶的東側，以7－9月所獲的品質最優，是世界四大紅茶之一。
湯色橙紅明亮，上品茶的湯面有金黃色的光環，猶如加冕一般；其風味特徵是濃烈、香醇、渾厚，透出如薄荷、鈴蘭的芳香；雖較苦澀，但回味甘甜；最適合加入奶精沖泡成奶茶，因此常被拿來當早餐茶。
而努瓦納愛利位於高山，所產的茶自然屬於高山茶，茶味較為清淡，多以純茶飲用；坎迪茶生長於中海拔地區，口感鮮明，但較不及於烏瓦茶，卻能與濃濃奶香產生恰到好處的滋味。
【錫蘭紅茶沖泡方法】
沖泡錫蘭紅茶時必須以滾燙的（100℃）熱水，才能將其香味自茶葉中完全散發出來。因為紅茶香味屬水溶性，水溫越高溫，越能將香味萃取出來。
若以150cc的茶壺為例，須先放入約4~5克的茶葉，然後在注入100℃的開水，靜待2~5分鐘後，即可倒出享用。
品質優異的錫蘭紅茶，沖泡後會釋放出發酵茶特有的烘焙味和淡淡花果香氣，非常適合清飲，更能感受錫蘭紅茶最原始的風味；也可依個人喜好加入糖、奶精或檸檬，又別有一番風味在心頭。
錫蘭紅茶的茶葉稍大，可以耐較長時間的浸泡以得到味道更強的茶汁，可品嚐感受錫蘭紅茶迴盪於口中的愉悅氣氛，絕對是您悠閒午後的最佳選擇！
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